سيلفيا وينتر
فكرة «الإنسان» (Man) التي حسبها الغرب الحديث الإنسانيةَ ذاتها ليست إلا صيغة واحدة من صيغ الكينونة الإنسانية، شُيّدت على إقصاء الآخرين – وعلينا أن نبتكر صيغًا جديدة.
التموضع
كاتبة ومنظّرة جامايكية، أستاذة فخرية في ستانفورد: «بالغ» الغرب الحديث في تمثيل فكرته عن «الإنسان» – أولًا الذات السياسية العاقلة ثم الكائن البيولوجي والاقتصادي – بوصفها الإنسانَ بما هو إنسان؛ والكينونة إنسانًا ممارسة ثقافية «اجتماعية النشأة» يمكن إعادة ابتكارها.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الإفراط في تمثيل «الإنسان» (Man1، Man2)
- المبدأ اجتماعي النشأة
- استعمارية الكينونة
- أجناس الإنسان
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 6
بارتولومي دي لاس كاساس
تأثّر بـ
In a two-part essay on New Seville, the first Spanish settlement in Jamaica, and the conversion experience of Las Casas (1984), Wynter took his break with the encomienda as a turning point in the debate over who counts as fully human; she returned to his dispute with Sepúlveda in later essays (1995, 2003). S. Wynter, “New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas”, Jamaica Journal 17:2 (1984), 25–32, and 17:3 (1984), 46–55; “1492: A New World View” (1995)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بارتولومي دي لاس كاساس › 1484–1566
و. إ. ب. دو بويز
تأثّر بـ
Wynter took Du Bois’s ‘problem of the color line’ as the central problem of the order of ‘Man’ she seeks to overcome (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
و. إ. ب. دو بويز › 1868–1963
إيمي سيزير
تأثّر بـ
Wynter took up Césaire’s ‘humanism made to the measure of the world’ for a new science of the human (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); A. Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme (1950)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمي سيزير › 1913–2008
فرانتس فانون
تأثّر بـ
Wynter took up Fanon’s claim that besides phylogeny and ontogeny there is sociogeny, holding that human experience is shaped by cultural codes (‘Towards the Sociogenic Principle’, 2001). S. Wynter, “Towards the Sociogenic Principle: Fanon, Identity, the Puzzle of Conscious Experience, and What It Is Like to Be ‘Black’” (2001); F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانتس فانون › 1925–1961
ميشال فوكو
تأثّر بـ
Wynter took up Foucault’s view of ‘Man’ as a recent invention of the modern episteme and traced its colonial forms (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); M. Foucault, Les Mots et les choses (1966)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
أنيبال كيخانو
تأثّر بـ
Wynter took up Quijano’s ‘coloniality of power’, with its racial classification of world populations, as one axis of the coloniality of being (‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being’, 2003). S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3 (2003); A. Quijano, “Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina” (2000)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنيبال كيخانو › 1928–2018
أثّر في 1
والتر مينيولو
أثّر في
In “Sylvia Wynter: What Does It Mean to Be Human?” (2015) Mignolo read Wynter’s critique of the overrepresentation of Western “Man” as the human as a central contribution to decolonial thought. W. D. Mignolo, “Sylvia Wynter: What Does It Mean to Be Human?”, in K. McKittrick (ed.), Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis (2015)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
والتر مينيولو › وُلد 1941
النقد
ينتقد 1
تشارلز داروين
انتقد
In “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being” (2003) Wynter read Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) as the founding text of a second, biocentric conception of Man, in which the colonised and the poor appeared as the “dysselected” – a self-description of the West she set out to unsettle. S. Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom”, CR: The New Centennial Review 3:3 (2003), 257–337
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز داروين › 1809–1882
الأعمال
مقال طويل في «CR: The New Centennial Review»: أفرط الغرب الحديث في تمثيل أجناسه الخاصة من «الإنسان» – أولًا الذات السياسية العاقلة ثم الكائن البيولوجي والاقتصادي – بوصفها الإنسان بما هو كذلك.
الموقف
Wynter’s essays, which cross literary criticism, history and philosophy, ask what it means to be human. Since the Renaissance, she argues, the West has produced successive “genres” or descriptions of the human: “Man1”, the rational political subject that replaced the Christian believer, and, since the 19th century, “Man2”, the biological and economic being of Darwin and Malthus, defined by natural selection and scarcity. Each was “overrepresented” as if it were humanity as such, and each was defined against those it excluded – the colonised and enslaved, later the racialised poor – whom it cast as irrational or “dysselected”. Taking up Fanon’s claim that besides phylogeny and ontogeny there is sociogeny, she holds that humans are hybrid beings, at once biological and storytelling, whose experience of themselves is shaped by cultural codes. Drawing on Aimé Césaire and on Aníbal Quijano’s “coloniality of power”, she calls for a conception of the human “after Man” that would no longer need an excluded other.
الحياة والسياق
Sylvia Wynter (born 1928 in Holguín, Cuba, to Jamaican parents) grew up in Jamaica and won a scholarship to King’s College London, where she studied Spanish and took a master’s degree in 1953. In the 1950s she wrote for radio and the stage in Britain, partly with the Guyanese writer Jan Carew, and in 1962 published the novel “The Hills of Hebron”. She taught Hispanic literature at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica from 1963, moved to the University of California, San Diego, in 1974 and in 1977 to Stanford University, where she is professor emerita of Spanish and Portuguese and of African and Afro-American Studies. In 2010 she received the Order of Jamaica.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Hills of Hebron (novel, 1962)
- The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humanism (1984)
- 1492: A New World View (1995)
- Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis (ed. Katherine McKittrick, 2015)
يرد في
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