هربرت سبنسر
كل شيء – الطبيعة والعقل والمجتمع – يتطور من البسيط إلى المعقد، ويعمل المجتمع أفضل ما يكون حين تتدخل الدولة فيه أقل ما يمكن.
التموضع
صاحب أنساق فيكتوري جعل التطور، قبل «أصل الأنواع» لداروين (1859)، قانونَ كل شيء من الكون إلى المجتمع؛ وبعد قراءة داروين صاغ «بقاء الأصلح» (1864). ثم ارتبط اسمه بـ«الداروينية الاجتماعية» – تسمية استُخدمت لتسويغ اللامساواة والإمبراطورية، وهي أخشن من آرائه هو، وإن لم تخلُ من أساس فيها.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التطور من البسيط إلى المعقد
- المجتمع كائنًا عضويًا
- المجتمعات العسكرية في مقابل الصناعية
- الدولة الحد الأدنى ودعه يعمل
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
تشارلز داروين
تأثّر بـ
Spencer had formulated his evolutionism before Darwin, but after reading the Origin of Species he coined ‘survival of the fittest’ for natural selection (Principles of Biology, 1864). H. Spencer, The Principles of Biology, vol. I (1864); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859), 5th ed. (1869); SEP “Herbert Spencer”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
تشارلز داروين › 1809–1882
أثّر في 3
محمد عبده
أثّر في
Abduh admired Spencer, whom he visited in Brighton in 1903, and is reported to have translated his book on education into Arabic from French; the exact passage has not been checked. A. Kateman, “Tellings of an Encounter: A Meeting between Muḥammad ʿAbduh, Herbert Spencer and Wilfrid Blunt (1903)”, Philological Encounters 3 (2018); A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (1962)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
محمد عبده › 1849–1905
إلين كي
أثّر في
In The Century of the Child (1900) Key held that Spencer’s thoughts ‘contain a great truth’ and based education on the child’s own natural development. E. Key, Barnets århundrade (1900); Eng. The Century of the Child (1909); H. Spencer, Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إلين كي › 1849–1926
ين فو
أثّر في
In the commentaries to his Tianyanlun (1898) Yan Fu sided with Spencer against Huxley, treating evolution as progress and applying the struggle for survival to nations. Yan Fu, Tianyanlun (1898), commentaries; B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ين فو › 1854–1921
النقد
انتقده 4
خوسيه مارتي
انتقده
Reviewing Spencer’s “The Coming Slavery” (La América, 1884), Martí granted that state socialism might create a new servitude but objected that Spencer passed over the misery of the poor and the abuses of concentrated wealth that drive people towards it. J. Martí, “Herbert Spencer. La futura esclavitud”, La América (New York), April 1884; Obras completas XV
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
خوسيه مارتي › 1853–1895
إميل دوركايم
انتقده
Durkheim argued against Spencer that industrial society cannot rest on free contracts alone, since every contract presupposes non-contractual social rules (The Division of Labour in Society, 1893, I.7). É. Durkheim, De la division du travail social (1893), Book I, ch. 7
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إميل دوركايم › 1858–1917
هنري برجسون
انتقده
Bergson, once drawn to Spencer, charged his ‘false evolutionism’ with rebuilding evolution out of fragments of the already evolved, missing real duration (Creative Evolution, 1907, ch. 4). H. Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice (1907), ch. IV; SEP “Henri Bergson”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
تالكوت بارسونز
انتقده
Parsons opened The Structure of Social Action (1937) with Brinton’s question ‘Who now reads Spencer?’, declaring Spencer’s positivist, utilitarian evolutionism dead. T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937), ch. 1; C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1933)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تالكوت بارسونز › 1902–1979
ينتقد 2
جيرمي بنثام
انتقد
Spencer objected that Bentham’s greatest-happiness principle gives no guidance, since happiness is undefinable, and put the law of equal freedom in its place (Social Statics, 1851). H. Spencer, Social Statics (1851), Introduction (“The Doctrine of Expediency”), ch. 4
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيرمي بنثام › 1748–1832
أوغست كونت
انتقد
In ‘Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte’ (1864) Spencer rejected Comte’s linear classification of the sciences and denied being his follower. H. Spencer, “Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte” (1864), appended to The Classification of the Sciences (1864)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أوغست كونت › 1798–1857
الأعمال
المجتمع كائنًا عضويًا ينمو – من أفكار «الإنسان البدائي» والمؤسسات المنزلية إلى التقابل بين المجتمعات الحربية والصناعية.
الموقف
Spencer believed that one law governs the whole of reality: evolution, the movement from simple, uniform states to complex, differentiated and integrated ones. He formulated it before Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) and understood it largely in Lamarck’s terms, through the inheritance of acquired characteristics; after reading Darwin he coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” (1864). Society, for Spencer, is an organism whose parts become ever more specialised and interdependent. He contrasted “militant” societies, held together by force and command, with “industrial” societies based on voluntary cooperation and contract, and he defended a strictly limited state: poor relief and state welfare would only hinder adaptation. The label “Social Darwinism”, used mostly by critics and made current by Richard Hofstadter’s study of 1944, cast him as its chief theorist. His ideas were indeed cited to justify laissez-faire capitalism, racial hierarchy and empire, and he shared the Victorian ranking of “primitive” and “civilised” peoples; yet he also opposed militarism and the Boer War. Durkheim answered his theory of contract, and Parsons opened his book of 1937 by borrowing the question “Who now reads Spencer?”
الحياة والسياق
Herbert Spencer was born in 1820 in Derby, the son of a Dissenting schoolteacher, and was educated at home and by an uncle; he never attended university. He worked as a railway engineer and, from 1848 to 1853, as sub-editor of The Economist, during which time he published his first book, Social Statics (1851). An inheritance allowed him to live as an independent writer. From 1860 he spent almost four decades on his System of Synthetic Philosophy, which ran from First Principles (1862) through biology, psychology and sociology to ethics. He was one of the most widely read thinkers of the Victorian age, especially in the United States. In poor health for much of his life, he never married and died in Brighton in 1903.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Social Statics (1851)
- First Principles (1862)
- The Principles of Biology (1864–67)
- The Study of Sociology (1873)
- The Man versus the State (1884)
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