بيوتر كروبوتكين
لا تبقى الحيوانات والبشر بالتنافس فحسب بل قبل كل شيء بمساعدة بعضهم بعضًا، ولذا يمكن لمجتمع حر أن يتقاسم خيراته بحسب الحاجة.
التموضع
أمير روسي وجغرافي ومنظّر الشيوعية اللاسلطوية: في الطبيعة والتاريخ، المعونة المتبادلة عامل في التطور بقدر الصراع، وينبغي أن تُقسَّم الخيرات بحسب الحاجة.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- المعونة المتبادلة عاملًا في التطور
- الشيوعية اللاسلطوية
- التوزيع بحسب الحاجة
- الإنتاج اللامركزي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
تشارلز داروين
تأثّر بـ
Against Huxley’s ‘struggle for existence’ Kropotkin invoked the social instincts of Darwin’s Descent of Man (1871) to make mutual aid a factor of evolution (Mutual Aid, 1902). P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902); T. H. Huxley, “The Struggle for Existence” (1888); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز داروين › 1809–1882
بيير جوزيف برودون
تأثّر بـ ✓
Kropotkin traced anarchism to Proudhon’s What Is Property? (1840) but rejected his mutualist payment by work in favour of distribution according to need (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, La Conquête du pain (1892); “Anarchism”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. (1910); P.-J. Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (1840)
بيير جوزيف برودون › 1809–1865
ميخائيل باكونين
تأثّر بـ ✓
Converted to anarchism among the Bakuninist Jura watchmakers (1872), Kropotkin kept Bakunin’s anti-statism but replaced his collectivism with anarchist communism (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899); La Conquête du pain (1892); SEP “Anarchism”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ميخائيل باكونين › 1814–1876
أثّر في 2
إيما جولدمان
أثّر في ✓
Goldman took Kropotkin’s anarchist communism and his view in Mutual Aid (1902) that society can rest on voluntary cooperation instead of the state (Anarchism and Other Essays, 1910). E. Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (1910); Living My Life (1931); P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid (1902)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
إيما جولدمان › 1869–1940
مارتن بوبر
أثّر في
In Paths in Utopia (1946) Buber took up Kropotkin’s idea of mutual aid and decentralised communities for a cooperative socialism opposed to Marx’s centralism. M. Buber, Netivot be-utopia (1946); Pfade in Utopia (1950); P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid (1902)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
مارتن بوبر › 1878–1965
النقد
ينتقد 1
كارل ماركس
انتقد
Kropotkin rejected the collectivist wage system of labour cheques favoured by Marxist socialists, demanding distribution according to needs (The Conquest of Bread, 1892, ch. 13). P. Kropotkin, La conquête du pain (1892), ch. 13 “Le salariat collectiviste”; Modern Science and Anarchism (1901/1913)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
الأعمال
برنامج للشيوعية الفوضوية: البيوت والطعام والسلع ملك للجميع وتُقسَّم بحسب الحاجة لا بحسب ساعات العمل.
من مستعمرات الحيوانات إلى النقابات الحرفية في العصور الوسطى: التعاون داخل النوع عامل من عوامل التطور – ردٌّ على قراءة الداروينية بوصفها حرب الجميع ضد الجميع.
الموقف
Kropotkin gave anarchism the form of anarchist communism. Unlike Proudhon and Bakunin, he rejected payment according to work: since all production rests on the accumulated labour of past generations, houses, food and goods should be shared according to need. The Conquest of Bread (1892) set out how a city could organise this in a revolution, and Fields, Factories and Workshops (1899) argued for decentralised industry combined with intensive agriculture. His best-known work, Mutual Aid (1902), began as articles answering T. H. Huxley’s “The Struggle for Existence” (1888). From his own observations in Siberia and from studies of animal behaviour, village communities and medieval guilds, he argued that cooperation within species is a factor of evolution as important as competition; ethics grows out of this social instinct. He saw anarchism as the application of the natural sciences to society and rejected the Hegelian dialectic in Marxism as unscientific. In 1916 he signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen supporting the Allies against Germany, which split the anarchist movement. After 1917 he criticised the Bolshevik dictatorship in letters to Lenin; his funeral in Moscow in February 1921 was the last large anarchist demonstration in Soviet Russia.
الحياة والسياق
Peter Kropotkin was born in Moscow in 1842 into an old princely family. He was educated in the Corps of Pages in St Petersburg and served for a time as page to Alexander II, then chose service with a Cossack regiment in the Amur region and led geographical expeditions in Siberia and Manchuria (1862–67). Back in St Petersburg he studied mathematics and worked on the mountain structure of Asia and on glaciation in Finland. In 1872 he met the anarchist watchmakers of the Jura Federation in Switzerland. Arrested in 1874 for revolutionary propaganda, he escaped from a prison hospital in 1876. In France he was sentenced at the Lyon trial of 1883 and held at Clairvaux until 1886. He lived in England until 1917, returned to Russia after the February Revolution and died in Dmitrov in 1921.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Words of a Rebel (1885)
- The Conquest of Bread (1892)
- Fields, Factories and Workshops (1899)
- Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899)
- Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902)
- Ethics: Origin and Development (posthumous, 1922)
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