Agoraساحة مفتوحة للفكر

إدوارد ويسترمارك

1862–1939

مدخل أولتبسيط مقصود – واللمحة تقول أكثر

تعبّر الأحكام الأخلاقية عن انفعالات استحسان واستهجان صارت متجردة عن المصلحة؛ ولأن هذه الانفعالات تتوقف على التجربة والاعتقاد والعُرف، تختلف الأفكار الأخلاقية بين المجتمعات ولا يمكن لأي منها أن تدّعي صلاحية موضوعية – وهذا ينبغي أن يجعلنا متسامحين لا غير مبالين.

التموضع

علم الاجتماع والنظرية الاجتماعية · أوروبا الشمالية · الأخلاق, المجتمع والتاريخ

فيلسوف وعالم اجتماع فنلندي في هلسنكي وتوركو ولندن: تقوم الأحكام الأخلاقية على انفعالات الاستحسان والسخط، ولهذا تختلف الأفكار الأخلاقية بين المجتمعات؛ وفسّر تجنب سفاح القربى بنفور بين من نشؤوا معًا.

الأفكار الرئيسة

  • النسبية الأخلاقية
  • الانفعالات الأخلاقية
  • تاريخ الزواج البشري
  • أثر ويسترمارك

التلاميذ: برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي

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التأثير

تأثّر بـ 3

  • ديفيد هيوم

    تأثّر بـ

    Westermarck placed his theory that moral judgements express disinterested emotions of approval and disapproval in Hume’s tradition, naming Hume a forerunner (Ethical Relativity, 1932). E. Westermarck, Ethical Relativity (1932); The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); T. Stroup, Westermarck’s Ethics (1982); SEP “Hume’s Moral Philosophy”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776

  • آدم سميث

    تأثّر بـ

    Westermarck drew on Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments for the disinterestedness and apparent impartiality that make retributive emotions moral (Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, 1906–08). E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); O. Pipatti, Morality Made Visible: Edward Westermarck’s Moral and Social Theory (2019); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    آدم سميث › 1723–1790

  • تشارلز داروين

    تأثّر بـ

    Westermarck framed The History of Human Marriage (1891) with Darwin’s theory of descent and selection, arguing that lasting pair bonds, not promiscuity, go back to the earliest humans. E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (1891); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    تشارلز داروين › 1809–1882

أثّر في 1

  • برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي علّم

    علّم

    Malinowski came to the London School of Economics in 1910 to study with Westermarck and C. G. Seligman; there he wrote The Family among the Australian Aborigines (1913), and he took his DSc in 1916. M. W. Young, Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist, 1884–1920 (2004)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي › 1884–1942

النقد

انتقده 2

  • سيغموند فرويد

    انتقده

    Freud rejected Westermarck’s view that growing up together breeds sexual aversion: if incest were naturally avoided, it would need no strict prohibition (Totem und Tabu, 1913, ch. 4). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), ch. IV; E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, 1891

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    سيغموند فرويد › 1856–1939

  • كلود ليفي ستروس

    انتقده

    Lévi-Strauss rejected Westermarck’s derivation of the incest taboo from an innate aversion among those raised together: what instinct secured would need no prohibition (Elementary Structures, 1949). C. Lévi-Strauss, Les structures élémentaires de la parenté (1949), ch. 2; E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (1891)

    التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي

    كلود ليفي ستروس › 1908–2009

الأعمال

الموقف

Westermarck is on the map as a founder of comparative sociology and anthropology and as a classic defender of ethical relativity. “The History of Human Marriage” (1891) used Darwin’s theory and a wide range of ethnographic material against the then common view that human society began in promiscuity or group marriage: lasting pair bonds, he argued, go back to the earliest humans. To explain why incest is avoided, he proposed that people who grow up together develop an aversion to sexual relations with each other – a hypothesis rejected by Freud and Lévi-Strauss, but later supported by studies of Israeli kibbutzim and of “minor marriages” in Taiwan and now known as the “Westermarck effect”. In “The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas” (1906–08) and “Ethical Relativity” (1932) he held, in the tradition of Hume and Adam Smith, that moral judgements express emotions of approval and disapproval that have become disinterested; since these depend on circumstances, beliefs and customs, moral ideas vary, and none has objective validity. He did not conclude that anything goes, but expected greater tolerance from knowledge of the variety of moral opinion. His Moroccan studies remain an important source on North African ritual and belief.

الحياة والسياق

Edvard Westermarck was born on 20 November 1862 in Helsinki into a Swedish-speaking family; his father was the university’s bursar. He studied philosophy in Helsinki and from 1887 worked in the library of the British Museum in London on the history of marriage, the basis of his doctoral thesis (1889) and of “The History of Human Marriage” (1891). He taught sociology in Helsinki, was professor of moral philosophy there from 1906 to 1918 and at the same time held a chair of sociology at the University of London (1907–30), where Bronisław Malinowski was among his students. From 1898 he spent many years in Morocco, studying rituals, beliefs and customs. In 1918 he became professor of philosophy and the first rector of Åbo Akademi, the Swedish-language university in Turku. He died on 3 September 1939.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

  • Ritual and Belief in Morocco (2 vols., 1926)
  • Ethical Relativity (1932)
  • Christianity and Morals (1939)

المصادر: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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