爱德华多·维韦罗斯·德卡斯特罗

作品

• 1998宇宙论指示与美洲印第安人视角主义

  发表于《皇家人类学会会刊》的论文：在许多美洲印第安宇宙观中，人、动物和精灵都把自己看作人并共享同一种文化，而它们的身体各不相同；这种“多元自然主义”颠倒了西方“一个自然、多种文化”的组合。

• 2009食人形而上学

  以评论一本虚构之书《反纳喀索斯》的形式写成：它结合德勒兹和加塔利来阅读列维-斯特劳斯的《神话学》，把美洲印第安视角主义和多元自然主义当作独立的概念，并称人类学为思想的永久去殖民化。

立场

Viveiros de Castro is on the map for “Amerindian perspectivism”, set out in Portuguese in 1996 and in English in “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism” (1998). In many Amazonian cosmologies, according to Viveiros de Castro, humans, animals and spirits all see themselves as persons and share one culture, while their bodies – bundles of affects and capacities – give each kind its own world: what humans see as blood, jaguars see as manioc beer. Against the Western scheme of one nature and many cultures Viveiros de Castro called this “multinaturalism”. “Métaphysiques cannibales” (2009) describes anthropology as a decolonisation of thought that never ends, reading Lévi-Strauss’s “Mythologiques” together with Deleuze and Guattari. The work became a reference point of the “ontological turn” in anthropology and of debates on the Anthropocene: “Há mundo por vir?” (2014; “The Ends of the World”), written with the philosopher Déborah Danowski, draws on Davi Kopenawa’s “The Falling Sky” and names Bruno Latour among its interlocutors; Viveiros de Castro also wrote the preface to the Brazilian edition of Kopenawa’s book (2015). In a public debate with Philippe Descola in Paris in 2009, Viveiros de Castro argued that perspectivism is not one type within a typology of ontologies but a challenge to the idea of such a typology. Critics of the ontological turn, among them David Graeber, objected that it reads people’s statements about spirits as descriptions of other worlds and overlooks their own doubts.

生平与背景

Eduardo Viveiros de Castro was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1951. Viveiros de Castro studied social sciences at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and social anthropology at the National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, completing there a master’s thesis on the Yawalapiti of the Upper Xingu in 1977 and a doctorate in 1984; the study of the Araweté appeared in 1986 as “Araweté: os deuses canibais”. Viveiros de Castro has taught ethnology at the National Museum since 1978 and became full professor of social anthropology there in 2012. Other posts include the Simón Bolívar Professorship of Latin American Studies at the University of Cambridge (1997–98), a position as directeur de recherche at the CNRS in Paris (1999–2001) and visiting professorships at the University of Chicago, among others. In 2019 Viveiros de Castro was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

其他主要作品

• Araweté: os deuses canibais (1986; From the Enemy’s Point of View, 1992)
• “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism” (1998; Portuguese 1996)
• A inconstância da alma selvagem (2002)
• Métaphysiques cannibales (2009; Cannibal Metaphysics, 2014)
• Há mundo por vir? (2014, with Déborah Danowski; The Ends of the World, 2017)