एच. पी. ग्राइस

कृतियाँ

• 1957अर्थ

  किसी कथन से कुछ अर्थ रखना यह आशय रखना है कि श्रोता इस आशय को पहचानकर एक निश्चित ढंग से प्रतिक्रिया करे।

• 1975तर्क और संवाद

  1967 के विलियम जेम्स व्याख्यान: संवादात्मक आशयार्थ एक सहकारी सिद्धांत और मात्रा, गुण, संबंध और ढंग के सूत्रों से निकलते हैं।

मत

Grice gave philosophy of language two ideas that are now standard in linguistics. The first concerns meaning. In “Meaning” (1957) he analysed what a speaker means by an utterance in terms of intentions: to mean something is to intend to produce an effect in a hearer by means of the hearer’s recognising that intention. The second is conversational implicature. If a reference for a philosophy student says only that his English is excellent and he attended regularly, the writer conveys that he is no good at philosophy without saying so. Grice explained such effects by a cooperative principle – make your contribution such as is required by the purpose of the conversation – and four groups of maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner. Implicatures can be cancelled, which distinguishes them from what is said. This allowed him to argue, against some ordinary language philosophers and against Strawson’s Introduction to Logical Theory, that words like “and” or “or” may keep their logical meaning while their use carries further suggestions. With Strawson he defended the analytic–synthetic distinction against Quine (“In Defense of a Dogma”, 1956). Searle built on and modified his account of meaning.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Herbert Paul Grice was born in 1913 in Harborne, Birmingham, and educated at Clifton College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. From 1938 he taught at St John’s College, Oxford, where P. F. Strawson was among his pupils; during the Second World War he served in the Royal Navy. Back in Oxford he belonged to the circle of philosophers who analysed ordinary language. His paper “Meaning”, written in 1948, appeared in 1957 in The Philosophical Review, reportedly after Strawson had submitted it. In 1967 he gave the William James Lectures at Harvard and moved to the University of California at Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. His collected papers, Studies in the Way of Words, appeared in 1989; his John Locke Lectures of 1979 were published as Aspects of Reason in 2001.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• In Defense of a Dogma (with P. F. Strawson, 1956)
• Meaning (1957)
• The Causal Theory of Perception (1961)
• Logic and Conversation (lectures 1967, published 1975)
• Studies in the Way of Words (1989)
• Aspects of Reason (2001)