普罗提诺
全部实在都从一个单一而完满的源头——太一——流溢而出，而灵魂的目标是通过内在的合一回到它那里。
定位
新柏拉图主义的创立者：一切从太一流溢而出，又向太一回归。
核心思想
- 太一
- 流溢
- 神秘合一
学生: 波菲利
影响
受影响于 3
巴门尼德
受其影响
Plotinus cited Parmenides’ ‘thinking and being are the same’ and found the One, Intellect and Soul in the first hypotheses of Plato’s Parmenides (Enneads V.1.8). Plotinus, Enneads V.1.8; Parmenides, DK 28 B3; SEP “Plotinus”
依据: AI 草稿
巴门尼德 › 约公元前515—前450年年
亚里士多德
受其影响
Plotinus took over Aristotle’s self-thinking divine intellect as his second principle, Intellect, but set the One above it; Porphyry notes Aristotle’s Metaphysics is condensed in the Enneads. Porphyry, Life of Plotinus 14; Plotinus, Enneads V.3, VI.1–3; Aristotle, Metaphysics XII.9; SEP “Plotinus”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
影响了 15
普罗克洛
影响了 ✓
Proclus systematised the hierarchy of One, Intellect and Soul he inherited from Plotinus, adding henads and triadic procession, and rejected Plotinus’ undescended soul (Elements of Theology 211). Proclus, Elements of Theology, prop. 211; SEP “Proclus”
普罗克洛 › 412–485
伊本·西那（阿维森纳）
影响了 ✓
Avicenna wrote notes on the Theology of Aristotle, the Arabic Plotinus, and his scheme of emanation from the Necessary Existent continues Plotinian Neoplatonism. P. Adamson, “Non-Discursive Thought in Avicenna’s Commentary on the Theology of Aristotle”, in J. McGinnis (ed.), Interpreting Avicenna (2004); SEP “Ibn Sina [Avicenna]”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
伊本·西那（阿维森纳） › 980–1037
亨利·柏格森
影响了 ✓
Bergson lectured on Plotinus at the Collège de France; The Two Sources (1932) saw in him the height of contemplative mysticism, which stops short of action. H. Bergson, Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion (1932); lectures on Plotinus, Collège de France; SEP “Henri Bergson”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
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希帕蒂娅
影响了 ✓
The church historian Socrates says Hypatia succeeded to the Platonist school derived from Plotinus; her own writings were mathematical, and her philosophical teaching is known through Synesius. Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History VII.15; Synesius, Letters; E. J. Watts, Hypatia (2017)
希帕蒂娅 › 约355–415年
伪狄奥尼修斯（亚略巴古的狄奥尼修斯）
影响了
Through Proclus’ Neoplatonism Dionysius inherited the Plotinian One beyond being and made it the unknowable God of his negative theology (Divine Names; Mystical Theology). Pseudo-Dionysius, De divinis nominibus; De mystica theologia; SEP “Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite”
依据: AI 草稿
伪狄奥尼修斯（亚略巴古的狄奥尼修斯） › 约480–530年
所罗门·伊本·加比罗尔
影响了
Ibn Gabirol’s Fountain of Life follows a Neoplatonic scheme of procession from the One, adding universal matter and the divine will between God and creation. Solomon ibn Gabirol, Fons vitae (Meqor hayyim); SEP “Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Avicebron]”
依据: AI 草稿
所罗门·伊本·加比罗尔 › 约1021–1058年
马尔西利奥·费奇诺
影响了
Ficino translated and commented on all of Plotinus’ Enneads (printed 1492), reading him as the interpreter who unlocked Plato. M. Ficino, Plotini Enneades (Florence, 1492), proem; SEP “Marsilio Ficino”
依据: AI 草稿
马尔西利奥·费奇诺 › 1433–1499
乔瓦尼·皮科·德拉·米兰多拉
影响了
Pico included fifteen theses ‘according to Plotinus’ among those of the later Platonists in his 900 Conclusions (1486), alongside theses after Porphyry, Iamblichus and Proclus. G. Pico della Mirandola, Conclusiones (Rome, 1486); S. A. Farmer, Syncretism in the West: Pico’s 900 Theses (1998)
依据: AI 草稿
乔瓦尼·皮科·德拉·米兰多拉 › 1463–1494
乔尔丹诺·布鲁诺
影响了
In the second dialogue of De la causa (1584) Bruno reproduced passages of Plotinus, read in Ficino’s Latin, for his universal intellect and world soul. G. Bruno, De la causa, principio et uno (1584), dialogue II; Plotinus, Enneads III.8, II.9 (Ficino’s translation); S. Carannante, ‘Writing against the Gnostics: World Soul, Universal Animation and Natural Production in Giordano Bruno’s Reading of Plotinus (De la causa II)’, Rinascimento 64 (2024)
依据: AI 草稿
乔尔丹诺·布鲁诺 › 1548–1600
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
影响了
Emerson took the motto of Nature (1836) from Plotinus: nature is ‘but an image or imitation of wisdom, the last thing of the soul’. R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), motto; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
依据: AI 草稿
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 › 1803–1882
阿尔贝·加缪
影响了 ✓
Camus’s thesis Christian Metaphysics and Neoplatonism (1936) treated Plotinus’ union of reason and mystical ascent as a bridge from Greek thought to Augustine’s Christianity. A. Camus, Métaphysique chrétienne et néoplatonisme (1936); SEP “Albert Camus”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
阿尔贝·加缪 › 1913–1960
作品
- 约270年九章集
从太一经由理智与灵魂下降到物质——再返回。
立场
Plotinus founded Neoplatonism. At the summit of reality stands the One, utterly simple and beyond all being and thought. From it everything flows forth in stages, like light from the sun: first Intellect (nous), which contains the Forms, then Soul, which animates the cosmos, and finally matter, the point furthest from the source. The human soul belongs to this hierarchy and can return upward through virtue, philosophy and contemplation, ultimately to a mystical union with the One, which Porphyry says Plotinus attained several times. His thought shaped Augustine, Christian and Islamic mysticism and Renaissance Platonism.
生平与背景
Plotinus was probably born in Egypt and studied philosophy in Alexandria for eleven years with Ammonius Saccas. He joined Emperor Gordian III’s campaign against Persia, hoping to learn the wisdom of the East, and from 244 CE taught in Rome, admired by senators and by the emperor Gallienus. His pupil Porphyry edited his writings and wrote his biography.
其他主要作品
- Enneads (c. 253–270 CE, edited by Porphyry)
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