Louis Althusser
Szkoły, kościoły i media po cichu kształtują nas w podmioty akceptujące porządek społeczny – ideologia działa, zwracając się do nas, zanim możemy wybrać.
Umiejscowienie
Marksizm strukturalny: ideologiczne aparaty państwa kształtują podmioty przez „interpelację”.
Kluczowe idee
- Ideologiczne aparaty państwa
- Interpelacja
- Cięcie epistemologiczne
Nauczyciele: Gaston Bachelard
Uczniowie: Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Paulin Hountondji, Souleymane Bachir Diagne
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 6
Baruch Spinoza
pod wpływem ✓
Althusser drew on Spinoza for his concept of structural causality and said of himself and his circle ‘we were Spinozists’ (Elements of Self-Criticism, 1974). L. Althusser, Lire le Capital (1965); Éléments d’autocritique (1974); SEP “Louis Althusser”
Baruch Spinoza › 1632–1677
Karol Marks
pod wpływem ✓
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations, claiming an ‘epistemological break’ around 1845 between the young Marx of alienation and the science of Capital (For Marx, 1965). L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Gaston Bachelard nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
Althusser obtained his diplôme d’études supérieures in 1947 for a study of content in Hegel’s thought directed by Bachelard; Bachelard’s idea of a break between ideological and scientific concepts later shaped his ‘epistemological break’ in Marx. SEP “Louis Althusser”; L. Althusser, “Du contenu dans la pensée de G. W. F. Hegel” (1947), in Écrits philosophiques et politiques I (1994)
Źródło: szkic AI
Gaston Bachelard › 1884–1962
Antonio Gramsci
pod wpływem ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
Antonio Gramsci › 1891–1937
Jacques Lacan
pod wpływem
Althusser took up Lacan’s return to Freud (‘Freud and Lacan’, 1964) and modelled ideology’s imaginary relation of individuals to their conditions on Lacan’s mirror stage (1970). L. Althusser, “Freud et Lacan”, La Nouvelle Critique (1964); “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
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Jacques Lacan › 1901–1981
Georges Canguilhem
pod wpływem ✓
Althusser cited Canguilhem, with Bachelard and Cavaillès, as a model for reading Marx’s science through its concepts and problematics rather than as a continuous progress (Reading Capital, 1965). L. Althusser et al., Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
Georges Canguilhem › 1904–1995
Wpływ na 7
Michel Foucault uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Foucault was a student at the École normale supérieure when Althusser became its philosophy tutor (agrégé-répétiteur, ‘caïman’) in 1948 and prepared for the agrégation (1951) under him; under Althusser’s influence he joined the Communist Party in 1950 and left it in 1953. D. Eribon, Michel Foucault (1989); SEP “Louis Althusser”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Michel Foucault › 1926–1984
Jacques Derrida uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Derrida entered the École normale supérieure in 1952 and prepared the agrégation under Althusser as philosophy tutor (caïman); he passed in 1956 at the second attempt and from 1964 taught at the École alongside Althusser. B. Peeters, Derrida (2010)
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Jacques Derrida › 1930–2004
Nicos Poulantzas
wpływ na ✓
Poulantzas built on Althusser’s structural Marxism, treating the state as a relatively autonomous level of the social formation (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
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Nicos Poulantzas › 1936–1979
Paulin Hountondji uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
When Hountondji entered the École normale supérieure in 1963, Althusser, then philosophy tutor (caïman), set him a 48-hour essay to decide whether he should prepare the agrégation in philosophy; Hountondji later linked his disappointment with Tempels’ Bantu Philosophy partly to Althusser’s warning against ideology. P. J. Hountondji, “My Experience with Paul Ricœur”, Études Ricœuriennes / Ricœur Studies 12:1 (2021), 50–59
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Paulin Hountondji › 1942–2024
Slavoj Žižek
wpływ na ✓
Žižek took up Althusser’s theory of ideology as interpellation and material ritual, arguing that interpellation never fully succeeds (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970)
Slavoj Žižek › ur. 1949
Souleymane Bachir Diagne uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Diagne trained at the École normale supérieure in the late 1970s (agrégation 1978); he recalls Althusser’s lectures there, among them one on the notion of beginning, applied to Marx. S. B. Diagne, interview with C. Fowler, In the Foreground (podcast, Clark Art Institute, 2021)
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Souleymane Bachir Diagne › ur. 1955
Judith Butler
wpływ na
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
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Judith Butler › ur. 1956
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 2
Leszek Kołakowski
krytyka ze strony
Kołakowski concluded that Althusser’s reading of Marx reduces to commonplaces in new verbal disguise, traditional Marxist tenets repeated without explanation, or wrong historical judgements (‘Althusser’s Marx’, 1971). L. Kołakowski, “Althusser’s Marx”, The Socialist Register 8 (1971), conclusion (quoted in P. Walker’s review, International Socialism 50, 1972); Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
Źródło: szkic AI
Leszek Kołakowski › 1927–2009
Stuart Hall wpływ na
wpływ na
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
Źródło: szkic AI
krytyka ze strony
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
Źródło: szkic AI
Stuart Hall › 1932–2014
Krytykuje 1
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
krytykuje
Althusser denied that Marx merely inverted Hegel’s dialectic, contrasting Hegel’s simple contradiction and expressive totality with an overdetermined, structured whole (‘Contradiction and Overdetermination’, 1962). L. Althusser, “Contradiction et surdétermination” (1962), in Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Dzieła
- 1965Dla Marksa
Cięcie epistemologiczne między młodym a dojrzałym Marksem.
„Hej, ty tam!” – jak ideologia interpeluje jednostki jako podmioty.
Stanowisko
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations. He claimed an “epistemological break” separates the young Marx, still speaking of alienation and human essence, from the mature scientific Marx of Capital. History, for him, is a “process without a subject”, structured by interlocking economic, political and ideological levels. His most influential idea concerns ideology: it is not simply false consciousness but material practices in schools, churches, family and media – the ideological state apparatuses. Ideology “interpellates” individuals as subjects, like a policeman calling “Hey, you there!”, and in turning around we become who we are supposed to be. This shaped structuralism, cultural studies and film theory.
Życie i kontekst
Born in Algeria, Althusser spent most of the Second World War in a German prisoner-of-war camp. For decades he taught at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where Foucault, Derrida and Balibar were among those around him, and was a member of the French Communist Party. In 1980, in their flat at the École normale supérieure, he strangled his wife, the sociologist and former Resistance member Hélène Rytmann; on grounds of mental illness he was declared unfit to stand trial.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- For Marx (1965)
- Reading Capital, with Balibar and others (1965)
- Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (1970)
- The Future Lasts Forever (1992)
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