غاستون باشلار
المعرفة العلمية لا تُعطاها التجربة بل تُبنى ضدها: فعلى كل علم أن يتغلب على عوائق الحس المشترك ويقينياته السابقة هو.
التموضع
موظف بريد ومعلم فيزياء ومنذ 1940 أستاذ في السوربون: لا ينمو العلم من التجربة اليومية بل يقطع معها، متغلبًا على «العوائق الإبستمولوجية» ومصحّحًا ماضيه؛ وكتب في سلسلة ثانية من الكتب عن النار والماء والهواء والأرض والفضاء في الخيال الشعري.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- العائق الإبستمولوجي
- العلم يقطع مع التجربة المشتركة
- الإبستمولوجيا اللاديكارتية
- شعرية التخيّل المادي
التلاميذ: لوي ألتوسير
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
كارل يونغ
تأثّر بـ ✓
Bachelard drew on Jung’s archetypes for his psychoanalysis of the elements (La Psychanalyse du feu, 1938) and took over animus and anima (La Poétique de la rêverie, 1960). G. Bachelard, La Psychanalyse du feu (1938); La Poétique de la rêverie (1960); J.-J. Wunenburger, “La psychanalyse sexuée du feu, entre Freud et Jung” (2007)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
كارل يونغ › 1875–1961
ألبرت أينشتاين
تأثّر بـ ✓
Bachelard read Einstein’s relativity as a break with Newtonian concepts that calls for a ‘non-Cartesian’ epistemology (La Valeur inductive de la relativité, 1929; Le Nouvel Esprit scientifique, 1934). G. Bachelard, La Valeur inductive de la relativité (1929); Le Nouvel Esprit scientifique (1934); M. Tiles, Bachelard: Science and Objectivity (1984)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ألبرت أينشتاين › 1879–1955
أثّر في 4
جورج كانغيلام
أثّر في ✓
Canguilhem took over Bachelard’s historical epistemology, writing the history of concepts rather than discoveries, and succeeded him at the Sorbonne (La Formation du concept de réflexe, 1955). G. Canguilhem, La Formation du concept de réflexe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (1955); Études d’histoire et de philosophie des sciences (1968); Idéologie et rationalité dans l’histoire des sciences de la vie (1977)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جورج كانغيلام › 1904–1995
لوي ألتوسير علّم
علّم ✓
Althusser obtained his diplôme d’études supérieures in 1947 for a study of content in Hegel’s thought directed by Bachelard; Bachelard’s idea of a break between ideological and scientific concepts later shaped his ‘epistemological break’ in Marx. SEP “Louis Althusser”; L. Althusser, “Du contenu dans la pensée de G. W. F. Hegel” (1947), in Écrits philosophiques et politiques I (1994)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوي ألتوسير › 1918–1990
بيير بورديو
أثّر في
Bourdieu, Chamboredon and Passeron opened The Craft of Sociology (1968) with Bachelard’s epistemological break: sociology must construct its object against common-sense notions, reprinting extracts from his writings. P. Bourdieu, J.-C. Chamboredon and J.-C. Passeron, Le métier de sociologue (1968); G. Bachelard, La formation de l’esprit scientifique (1938)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بيير بورديو › 1930–2002
محمد عابد الجابري
أثّر في
Al-Jabri took over Bachelard’s concept of the “epistemological break” for his critique of Arab reason, reading the rationalism of Averroes and the Maghreb as a break with the gnostic reason of the East. M. A. al-Jabri, Nahnu wa-l-turath (1980); Takwin al-‘aql al-‘arabi (1984); J. Kynes, “The Function of Bachelardian Epistemology in the Post-colonial Project of Mohammed ‘Abed al-Jabri”, in Religion in Motion (2020), pp. 221–237
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
محمد عابد الجابري › 1935–2010
النقد
ينتقد 2
رينيه ديكارت
انتقد
Bachelard called for a ‘non-Cartesian epistemology’: modern physics replaces Descartes’ simple, clear and distinct ideas with complex constructions (Le nouvel esprit scientifique, 1934, ch. 6). G. Bachelard, Le nouvel esprit scientifique (1934), ch. 6 ‘L’épistémologie non-cartésienne’
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
هنري برجسون
انتقد
Bachelard set a time of discontinuous instants against Bergson’s continuous duration (L’intuition de l’instant, 1932; La dialectique de la durée, 1936). G. Bachelard, L’intuition de l’instant (1932); La dialectique de la durée (1936); SEP “Gaston Bachelard”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
الأعمال
تُظهر الهندسة اللاإقليدية والنسبية وفيزياء الكم أن العلم يتقدم بمراجعة أسسه ذاتها؛ ويدعو فصل ختامي إلى «إبستمولوجيا غير ديكارتية» لا تنطلق من أفكار بسيطة.
عنوانه الفرعي «إسهام في التحليل النفسي للمعرفة الموضوعية»: من كتابات القرن الثامن عشر في الكهرباء والكيمياء يحصي باشلار «العوائق الإبستمولوجية» – التجربة الأولى والتعميم المتسرع وإغراء الكلمات والجواهر – التي يجب على العقل العلمي أن يتجاوزها.
الموقف
Bachelard argued that science does not continue everyday knowledge but breaks with it. In The New Scientific Spirit (1934) he took non-Euclidean geometry, relativity and quantum mechanics as evidence that science advances by revising its own principles, and called for a “non-Cartesian” epistemology that does not start from simple, self-evident ideas. The Formation of the Scientific Mind (1938) names what stands in the way: “epistemological obstacles” lie not outside thought but within it – in first impressions, hasty generalisations, images and words, and the wish to find substances behind phenomena. In his view nothing is self-evident, nothing simply given, everything constructed. Scientific concepts are corrected errors, and the historian of science has to judge the past from the standpoint of present science, separating what is outdated from what is still valid. In modern physics he saw a “phenomenotechnique”: instruments are theories made material, and the phenomena of the laboratory are produced, not merely found. Against Bergson’s continuous duration he stressed discontinuity, of instants in time and of breaks in knowledge. In his books on fire, water, air and earth and on the poetics of space and reverie he turned to the other side of the mind: the images that science has to set aside are the material of poetry. Through Canguilhem, Althusser, Foucault and Bourdieu – whose Craft of Sociology (1968, with Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Jean-Claude Passeron) begins with the break with common-sense notions – the idea of an epistemological break became one of the main currents of French thought.
الحياة والسياق
Gaston Bachelard was born on 27 June 1884 in Bar-sur-Aube in Champagne, the son of a shoemaker. After school he worked for the postal and telegraph service from 1903 to 1913, first in Remiremont and then in Paris, and studied mathematics and physics in his spare time. He spent thirty-eight months in the trenches of the First World War and received the Croix de guerre. His wife Jeanne died in 1920, a year after the birth of their daughter Suzanne, who later became a philosopher herself. From 1919 to 1930 he taught physics and chemistry at the collège of Bar-sur-Aube, while taking a degree in philosophy and, in 1922, the agrégation. In 1927 he received his doctorate at the Sorbonne with a thesis on approximate knowledge, supervised by Abel Rey and Léon Brunschvicg. He then lectured at the University of Dijon, and in 1940 he succeeded Abel Rey in the chair of history and philosophy of science at the Sorbonne and as director of its Institut d’histoire des sciences et des techniques. Louis Althusser wrote his master’s thesis on Hegel (1947) under his supervision. Bachelard retired in 1954; Georges Canguilhem succeeded him. Alongside his books on the sciences he published, from The Psychoanalysis of Fire (1938) to The Poetics of Space (1957), a series of studies of the poetic imagination. He died in Paris on 16 October 1962.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Essay on Approximate Knowledge (Essai sur la connaissance approchée, 1928)
- The Intuition of the Instant (L’Intuition de l’instant, 1932)
- The New Scientific Spirit (1934)
- The Dialectic of Duration (La Dialectique de la durée, 1936)
- The Formation of the Scientific Mind (1938)
- The Psychoanalysis of Fire (La Psychanalyse du feu, 1938)
- The Philosophy of No (La Philosophie du non, 1940)
- Water and Dreams (L’Eau et les rêves, 1942)
- Applied Rationalism (Le Rationalisme appliqué, 1949)
- The Poetics of Space (La Poétique de l’espace, 1957)
- The Poetics of Reverie (La Poétique de la rêverie, 1960)
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora