لشك كولاكفسكي
لا عقيدة تستطيع أن تقدّم الحقيقة النهائية عن التاريخ أو أن تفتدي البشرية؛ والماركسية، التي وعدت بالأمرين، صارت أيديولوجيا دول استبدادية. دافع كولاكفسكي عن الشك وفي الوقت نفسه عن سؤال المقدّس الذي لا يمكن إلغاؤه.
التموضع
فيلسوف بولندي انتقل من الماركسية الحزبية إلى موقف تحريفي ثم نقدي، وفُصل من جامعة وارسو عام 1968، وكتب في أكسفورد تاريخًا للماركسية في ثلاثة مجلدات؛ وكتب أيضًا عن الأسطورة والدين وحدود العقل.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- نقد الماركسية
- التحريفية
- الكاهن والمهرّج
- حضور الأسطورة
النقد
ينتقد 2
كارل ماركس
انتقد
Kołakowski argued that Marx’s Promethean dream of a perfectly unified society made Stalinism a possible, though not inevitable, interpretation of his thought (Main Currents of Marxism, 1976–78). L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism (1976–78; Engl. 1978); “The Marxist Roots of Stalinism”, in R. C. Tucker (ed.), Stalinism (1977)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
لوي ألتوسير
انتقد
Kołakowski concluded that Althusser’s reading of Marx reduces to commonplaces in new verbal disguise, traditional Marxist tenets repeated without explanation, or wrong historical judgements (‘Althusser’s Marx’, 1971). L. Kołakowski, “Althusser’s Marx”, The Socialist Register 8 (1971), conclusion (quoted in P. Walker’s review, International Socialism 50, 1972); Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوي ألتوسير › 1918–1990
الأعمال
حتى الثقافة العقلانية تعتمد على أساطير تمنح العالم معنى وقيمة؛ كُتب عام 1966 ونُشر في باريس عام 1972.
ثلاثة مجلدات (1976–78) عن نشأة الماركسية وعصرها الذهبي وانهيارها، من جذورها في الأفلاطونية المحدثة وهيغل إلى الستالينية ومنتقديها.
الموقف
Kołakowski’s path runs from Marxist orthodoxy through revisionism to a liberal and sceptical position. In the 1950s he argued for a Marxism without dogma; in the essay “The Priest and the Jester” (1959) he contrasted the priest, guardian of the absolute, with the jester who questions every certainty, and sided with the jester. His studies of Spinoza and of non-confessional Christians of the seventeenth century (1965) brought the history of religion into the centre of his work. “Main Currents of Marxism” (1976–78) traces Marxism from its roots in Neoplatonic and Hegelian ideas of salvation to its breakdown and argues that Stalinism was not a mere distortion of Marx but one possible, and not arbitrary, interpretation of his doctrine; it became a standard reference. E. P. Thompson’s “Open Letter to Leszek Kołakowski” (1973) accused him of abandoning the socialist tradition, and Kołakowski replied with “My Correct Views on Everything” (1974); Marxist reviewers also found his treatment of Western Marxism, from the Frankfurt School to Althusser, dismissive. In later books – “The Presence of Myth” (1972), “Religion” (1982), “Metaphysical Horror” (1988), “God Owes Us Nothing” (1995) – he defended the legitimacy of religious questions without claiming to answer them.
الحياة والسياق
Leszek Kołakowski was born on 23 October 1927 in Radom. During the German occupation he could not attend a regular secondary school and studied largely on his own and in clandestine classes. After the war he studied philosophy in Łódź, joined the communist Polish Workers’ Party and became a combative Marxist critic of Catholic philosophy. He took his doctorate in Warsaw in 1953 with a study of Spinoza and taught at the University of Warsaw, from 1959 holding the chair of the history of philosophy. After 1956 he became a leading voice of the revisionist critique of Stalinism. In 1966 he was expelled from the party for a speech on the tenth anniversary of the Polish October, and in March 1968 he was dismissed from the university. He left Poland, taught at McGill University and at Berkeley, and from 1970 was a senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford; he also taught at Yale and Chicago. From exile he supported the democratic opposition, including the Workers’ Defence Committee (KOR) and Solidarity. He received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade (1977), the Erasmus Prize (1983) and the first Kluge Prize (2003). He died in Oxford on 17 July 2009.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Individual and Infinity (Jednostka i nieskończoność, 1958)
- The Priest and the Jester (Kapłan i błazen, 1959)
- Religious Consciousness and Church Bond (Świadomość religijna i więź kościelna, 1965)
- God Owes Us Nothing (1995)
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