Monteskiusz
Wolność przetrwa tylko wtedy, gdy władza jest podzielona – stanowienie prawa, rząd i sądy muszą być oddzielone, aby mogły się wzajemnie kontrolować.
Umiejscowienie
Podział władzy jako gwarant wolności: władza wykonawcza, ustawodawcza i sądownicza wzajemnie się kontrolują.
Kluczowe idee
- Podział władz
- O duchu praw
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 2
Niccolò Machiavelli
pod wpływem
In Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans (1734) Montesquieu shared Machiavelli’s thesis from the Discourses that internal dissensions helped preserve Roman liberty. Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734); Dictionnaire Montesquieu (ENS Lyon), “Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains”
Źródło: szkic AI
Niccolò Machiavelli › 1469–1527
John Locke
pod wpływem
Montesquieu’s account of the English constitution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) is commonly read as recasting Locke’s legislative and executive powers into three separated powers. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), Book XI; J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689); SEP “Montesquieu”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
John Locke › 1632–1704
Wpływ na 10
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
wpływ na
Rousseau accepted as ‘established by Montesquieu’ the principle that liberty, not being a fruit of every climate, is not within every people’s reach (Social Contract, 1762). J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), Book III; Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Jean-Jacques Rousseau › 1712–1778
Adam Ferguson
wpływ na ✓
Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) builds on Montesquieu’s comparative politics; recalling Montesquieu, he was ‘at a loss’ why he should treat of human affairs. A. Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), ed. F. Oz-Salzberger (1995)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Adam Ferguson › 1723–1816
Edmund Burke
wpływ na ✓
Closing An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Burke praised Montesquieu’s study of the English constitution as the work of a rare, wide-ranging genius. E. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791); SEP “Edmund Burke”
Edmund Burke › 1729–1797
Cesare Beccaria
wpływ na ✓
Beccaria opened On Crimes and Punishments (1764) by invoking ‘the immortal President Montesquieu’ and built on his view that punishments beyond necessity are tyrannical. C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); letter to A. Morellet (1766); Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Cesare Beccaria › 1738–1794
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
wpływ na ✓
In the Philosophy of Right (1820) Hegel praised Montesquieu for treating laws not in isolation but as part of the whole character of a nation and its age. G. W. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820), Introduction; SEP “Hegel’s Social and Political Philosophy”
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Émile Durkheim
wpływ na ✓
In his Latin thesis (1892) Durkheim credited Montesquieu with seeing that social institutions form a system and vary with the type of society, a step towards social science. É. Durkheim, Quid Secundatus politicae scientiae instituendae contulerit (1892), in Montesquieu et Rousseau, précurseurs de la sociologie (1953); SEP “Montesquieu”
Émile Durkheim › 1858–1917
Pokaż wszystko (10)Pokaż mniej
John Millar
wpływ na
Millar’s Historical View of the English Government (1787/1803) says ‘the great Montesquieu pointed out the road’, calling him the Bacon and Smith the Newton of this science. J. Millar, An Historical View of the English Government (1787; 4 vols., 1803), Liberty Fund ed. (2006); J. Craig, Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar (1806)
Źródło: szkic AI
John Millar › 1735–1801
Rifa’a at-Tahtawi
wpływ na
Al-Tahtawi reported that in Paris he read Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws with a tutor, and his account of French government with its translation of the charter of 1814 drew on this reading of law and constitution. R. al-Ṭahṭāwī, Takhlīṣ al-ibrīz (1834); tr. D. L. Newman, An Imam in Paris (2004)
Źródło: szkic AI
Rifa’a at-Tahtawi › 1801–1873
Alexis de Tocqueville
wpływ na ✓
Like Montesquieu, Tocqueville explained a people’s laws through its mores and circumstances (Democracy in America, 1835–40); Raymond Aron placed both among the founders of sociology. A. de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique (1835–40); R. Aron, Les étapes de la pensée sociologique (1967)
Alexis de Tocqueville › 1805–1859
Yan Fu
wpływ na
Yan Fu translated The Spirit of the Laws as Fayi (1904–09), adding commentaries that compared Montesquieu’s typology of governments with Chinese institutions. Yan Fu, Fayi (1904–09); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
Źródło: szkic AI
Yan Fu › 1854–1921
Krytyka
Krytykuje 2
Arystoteles
krytykuje
Montesquieu faulted Aristotle for classifying monarchies not by the form of the constitution but by accidents such as the prince’s virtues or vices (De l’esprit des lois, 1748). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), XI.9 (“De la manière de penser d’Aristote”)
Źródło: szkic AI
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Thomas Hobbes
krytykuje
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
Źródło: szkic AI
Thomas Hobbes › 1588–1679
Dzieła
- 1748O duchu praw
Klimat, obyczaje, ustroje – i podział władz.
Stanowisko
Montesquieu asked why laws differ so widely between peoples and found the answer in their relationships to the form of government, climate, religion, trade, customs and geography – the “spirit” of a nation’s laws. He distinguished republics based on virtue, monarchies based on honour and despotisms based on fear. To protect liberty from despotism, power must check power: legislative, executive and judicial functions should be separated and balanced, as he believed they were in England. This doctrine of the separation of powers entered the American Constitution and the constitutions of modern democracies, and his comparative approach anticipated sociology.
Życie i kontekst
Charles-Louis de Secondat was born in 1689 at La Brède near Bordeaux and inherited both the title Baron de Montesquieu and a high office in the Bordeaux parliament. His satirical Persian Letters made him famous in 1721. He sold his office, travelled through Europe and spent nearly two years in England. After twenty years of work he published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748 and died in Paris in 1755.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Persian Letters (1721)
- Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline (1734)
- The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Pojawia się w
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