迷途之光——因其作为种族主义意识形态鼓吹者的影响而列入星图，作为批判的对象。
弗朗西斯·高尔顿
在高尔顿看来，才能是遗传的，社会应通过控制生育来改良自身——这就是优生学的方案，因其后果而成为持久批判的对象。
定位
英国博学者、达尔文的表亲，他提出了相关与回归以及一套指纹分类法，并创立了优生学：在《遗传的天才》（1869年）中他按所谓能力给“种族”排序，1883年创造了“优生学”一词；作为批判对象列入本图。
核心思想
- 优生学（1883年命名）
- “种族”的等级排序（种族主义学说）
- 相关与回归
- 才能的遗传（由家族显赫程度推断，忽略了社会优势）
影响
受影响于 1
查尔斯·达尔文
受其影响
Galton, Darwin’s half-cousin, said the Origin of Species turned him to heredity; Hereditary Genius (1869) led to his eugenics, which scholarship rejects as scientifically and ethically untenable. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius (1869); Memories of My Life (1908); C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882
影响了 1
爱伦·凯
影响了
In The Century of the Child (1900), under ‘the right of the child to choose its parents’, Key rejected Galton’s strict eugenic rules but accepted his principles. E. Key, Barnets århundrade (1900); Eng. The Century of the Child (1909)
依据: AI 草稿
爱伦·凯 › 1849–1926
批评
受批评于 1
迈克尔·桑德尔
受其批评
Sandel criticised Galton’s eugenics as a drive to mastery that ignores the giftedness of life, a problem inherited by ‘liberal eugenics’ (The Case against Perfection, 2007). M. J. Sandel, The Case against Perfection (2007), ch. 4 “Eugenics”
依据: AI 草稿
迈克尔·桑德尔 › 1953年生
作品
- 1869遗传的天才
用杰出人物的传记名单论证才能可以遗传，并按所谓能力给“种族”排序；此书为高尔顿后来称为优生学的方案作了准备。
立场
Galton is on the map as an ideologue because the history and ethics of science treat him as the founder of eugenics, while his statistical methods are still used. He held that talent and character are inherited like physical traits and that society should increase the reproduction of the “able” and decrease that of the “unfit”. In “Hereditary Genius” he ranked “races” on a scale of supposed ability, placing Africans far below the English – a racist judgement without scientific basis. The eugenics movement he founded inspired sterilisation laws in the United States, Scandinavia and Germany and was absorbed into National Socialist racial policy; historians such as Daniel Kevles (1985) describe this history. Michael Sandel (2007) criticised the eugenic drive to mastery and its return in “liberal eugenics”. In 2020 University College London removed Galton’s name from its buildings. The debate about how to treat a founder of statistics who was also the founder of eugenics continues.
生平与背景
Francis Galton was born on 16 February 1822 in Birmingham into a wealthy Quaker family of bankers and gunmakers; Charles Darwin was his half-cousin. He studied medicine in Birmingham and London and mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge. An inheritance in 1844 made him independent. In 1850–52 he travelled through what is now Namibia and received the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his report; “The Art of Travel” (1855) became a widely used handbook. He worked on meteorology, published one of the first newspaper weather maps and described the anticyclone. After reading Darwin’s “Origin of Species” he turned to heredity: “Hereditary Genius” (1869), studies of twins, “Inquiries into Human Faculty” (1883), in which he coined the word “eugenics”, and “Natural Inheritance” (1889). He introduced correlation and regression and a classification of fingerprints that was adopted by the police. In 1904 he funded a eugenics research fellowship at University College London and bequeathed his fortune for a chair of eugenics. He was knighted in 1909 and died in Haslemere on 17 January 1911.
其他主要作品
- Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa (1853)
- The Art of Travel (1855)
- Hereditary Genius (1869)
- Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883)
- Natural Inheritance (1889)
- Finger Prints (1892)
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