保罗·雷

Agora

保罗·雷

1849–1901

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

雷认为，道德情感（包括利他主义）既不是由自然也不是由理性赋予的，而是在进化过程中从习惯与功利中产生的——尼采以这一解释为出发点，后来又否定了它。

定位

自然科学与人文科学 · 西欧 · 伦理学, 心灵与意识

道德心理学家和医生：他在《道德情感的起源》中用达尔文主义的方式解释利他主义；尼采1876至1877年在索伦托与他共事，后来在《论道德的谱系》中否定了他的解释。

核心思想

对利他情感的进化论解释
道德判断作为习惯与功利的产物

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影响

受影响于 1

查尔斯·达尔文

受其影响
Rée’s Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen builds an evolutionary moral psychology on Darwin’s account of morality and altruism. Cadernos Nietzsche 37 (1), 2016 (abstract read); R. Small, Nietzsche and Rée (2005)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882

批评

受批评于 1

弗里德里希·尼采影响了

影响了 ✓
Working with Rée in Sorrento in 1876–77 shaped Human, All Too Human, and Rée’s Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen gave the first impulse for the Genealogy of Morals. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, Vorrede §4 (read); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche” (R. L. Anderson), §1; R. Small, Nietzsche and Rée (2005)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
受其批评
In the preface to the Genealogy Nietzsche says he rejected nearly every inference of Rée’s book and contests its derivation of morality from altruistic valuation. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, Vorrede §4 (read)
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900

作品

1875心理学观察
雷的第一部书（1875年），一部关于人类动机的格言集，比《道德情感的起源》早两年。
1877道德情感的起源
从习惯与功利推出道德情感，并在达尔文之后用进化论方式解释利他主义；尼采在《论道德的谱系》序言中把它称为自己研究的动因，而他的研究否定了它的结论。

立场

Rée is on the map for the book that gave Nietzsche the first impulse for the Genealogy of Morals. In The Origin of Moral Feelings he derives moral feelings from habit and utility and explains altruism in evolutionary terms, building on Darwin’s account of morality. Working with Rée in Sorrento in 1876–77 shaped Human, All Too Human. In the preface to the Genealogy Nietzsche names Rée’s book as the occasion of his own inquiry but says that he rejected nearly every inference of it and contests its derivation of morality from altruistic valuation.

生平与背景

Paul Rée was born on 21 November 1849 in Bartelshagen in Pomerania. He studied philosophy and law in Leipzig and by 1875 had qualified for a doctorate at Halle with a dissertation on the noble in Aristotle’s Ethics. His first book, Psychological Observations, appeared in 1875. In 1876–77 he worked with Friedrich Nietzsche in Sorrento, where both were guests of Malwida von Meysenbug, and in 1877 he published The Origin of Moral Feelings. After the friendship broke down in the autumn of 1882 over Lou Salomé, with whom he then lived in Berlin, he became a practising physician. He died on 28 October 1901 near Celerina in Switzerland.