Agora思想的公共广场

彼得·克鲁泡特金

1842–1921

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

动物和人类生存下来，不只靠竞争，更主要的是靠互相帮助，因此一个自由的社会可以按需要来分享物品。

定位

社会主义、无政府主义、马克思主义与批判理论 · 东欧 · 政治与法, 社会与历史, 科学, 伦理学

俄国公爵、地理学家和无政府共产主义理论家：在自然与历史中，互助与斗争一样是进化的因素，而物品应按需分配。

核心思想

  • 互助作为进化的因素
  • 无政府共产主义
  • 按需分配
  • 分散的生产

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影响

受影响于 3

  • 查尔斯·达尔文

    受其影响

    Against Huxley’s ‘struggle for existence’ Kropotkin invoked the social instincts of Darwin’s Descent of Man (1871) to make mutual aid a factor of evolution (Mutual Aid, 1902). P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902); T. H. Huxley, “The Struggle for Existence” (1888); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)

    依据: AI 草稿

    查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882

  • 皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东

    受其影响 ✓

    Kropotkin traced anarchism to Proudhon’s What Is Property? (1840) but rejected his mutualist payment by work in favour of distribution according to need (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, La Conquête du pain (1892); “Anarchism”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. (1910); P.-J. Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (1840)

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO

    皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东 › 1809–1865

  • 米哈伊尔·巴枯宁

    受其影响 ✓

    Converted to anarchism among the Bakuninist Jura watchmakers (1872), Kropotkin kept Bakunin’s anti-statism but replaced his collectivism with anarchist communism (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899); La Conquête du pain (1892); SEP “Anarchism”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    米哈伊尔·巴枯宁 › 1814–1876

影响了 2

  • 艾玛·戈德曼

    影响了 ✓

    Goldman took Kropotkin’s anarchist communism and his view in Mutual Aid (1902) that society can rest on voluntary cooperation instead of the state (Anarchism and Other Essays, 1910). E. Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (1910); Living My Life (1931); P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid (1902)

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    艾玛·戈德曼 › 1869–1940

  • 马丁·布伯

    影响了

    In Paths in Utopia (1946) Buber took up Kropotkin’s idea of mutual aid and decentralised communities for a cooperative socialism opposed to Marx’s centralism. M. Buber, Netivot be-utopia (1946); Pfade in Utopia (1950); P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid (1902)

    依据: AI 草稿

    马丁·布伯 › 1878–1965

批评

批评了 1

  • 卡尔·马克思

    批评了

    Kropotkin rejected the collectivist wage system of labour cheques favoured by Marxist socialists, demanding distribution according to needs (The Conquest of Bread, 1892, ch. 13). P. Kropotkin, La conquête du pain (1892), ch. 13 “Le salariat collectiviste”; Modern Science and Anarchism (1901/1913)

    依据: AI 草稿

    卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883

作品

  • 1892面包与自由

    一份无政府共产主义的纲领：住房、食物和物品属于所有人，按需要而不是按工时来分享。

  • 1902互助论：进化的一个要素

    从动物群落到中世纪行会：物种内部的合作是进化的一个要素——是对把达尔文主义读作所有人对所有人的战争的一种回应。

立场

Kropotkin gave anarchism the form of anarchist communism. Unlike Proudhon and Bakunin, he rejected payment according to work: since all production rests on the accumulated labour of past generations, houses, food and goods should be shared according to need. The Conquest of Bread (1892) set out how a city could organise this in a revolution, and Fields, Factories and Workshops (1899) argued for decentralised industry combined with intensive agriculture. His best-known work, Mutual Aid (1902), began as articles answering T. H. Huxley’s “The Struggle for Existence” (1888). From his own observations in Siberia and from studies of animal behaviour, village communities and medieval guilds, he argued that cooperation within species is a factor of evolution as important as competition; ethics grows out of this social instinct. He saw anarchism as the application of the natural sciences to society and rejected the Hegelian dialectic in Marxism as unscientific. In 1916 he signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen supporting the Allies against Germany, which split the anarchist movement. After 1917 he criticised the Bolshevik dictatorship in letters to Lenin; his funeral in Moscow in February 1921 was the last large anarchist demonstration in Soviet Russia.

生平与背景

Peter Kropotkin was born in Moscow in 1842 into an old princely family. He was educated in the Corps of Pages in St Petersburg and served for a time as page to Alexander II, then chose service with a Cossack regiment in the Amur region and led geographical expeditions in Siberia and Manchuria (1862–67). Back in St Petersburg he studied mathematics and worked on the mountain structure of Asia and on glaciation in Finland. In 1872 he met the anarchist watchmakers of the Jura Federation in Switzerland. Arrested in 1874 for revolutionary propaganda, he escaped from a prison hospital in 1876. In France he was sentenced at the Lyon trial of 1883 and held at Clairvaux until 1886. He lived in England until 1917, returned to Russia after the February Revolution and died in Dmitrov in 1921.

其他主要作品

  • Words of a Rebel (1885)
  • The Conquest of Bread (1892)
  • Fields, Factories and Workshops (1899)
  • Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899)
  • Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902)
  • Ethics: Origin and Development (posthumous, 1922)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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