John Langshaw Austin
Mówienie jest rodzajem działania: gdy obiecujemy, przepraszamy lub nadajemy statkowi imię, nasze słowa wykonują czyn, a nie go opisują.
Umiejscowienie
Teoria aktów mowy: słowami działamy – obiecujemy, chrzcimy, zakładamy się.
Kluczowe idee
- Akty mowy
- Wypowiedzi performatywne
Uczniowie: John Searle
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 2
Arystoteles
pod wpływem ✓
Austin, trained as a classicist, read Aristotle closely and examined his concepts of the good and of happiness (‘Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle’, publ. 1967). J. L. Austin, “Agathon and Eudaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle”, in J. M. E. Moravcsik (ed.), Aristotle: A Collection of Critical Essays (1967); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
George Edward Moore
pod wpływem
Austin made Moore’s reading of ‘could have done otherwise’ as ‘could, if I had chosen’ (Ethics, 1912) the starting point of ‘Ifs and Cans’ (1956). J. L. Austin, “Ifs and Cans”, Proceedings of the British Academy 42 (1956); G. E. Moore, Ethics (1912); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
George Edward Moore › 1873–1958
Wpływ na 5
Paul Grice
wpływ na
Grice, one of Austin’s ‘Saturday mornings’ group, kept its close attention to ordinary usage but distinguished what is said from what is implicated (William James Lectures, 1967). H. P. Grice, “Logic and Conversation” (William James Lectures 1967; publ. 1975); Studies in the Way of Words (1989), “Prolegomena”; SEP “Paul Grice”
Źródło: szkic AI
Paul Grice › 1913–1988
Jürgen Habermas
wpływ na
Habermas built his universal pragmatics on Austin’s speech-act theory, aligning communicative action with illocutionary and strategic action with perlocutionary effects (‘Was heißt Universalpragmatik?’, 1976). J. Habermas, “Was heißt Universalpragmatik?” (1976); Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026
John Searle uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
At Oxford, where he studied from 1952 as a Rhodes Scholar, Searle was taught by Austin as well as by Strawson, Berlin and Hampshire; his Speech Acts (1969) developed Austin’s theory, although he said Austin’s attention to linguistic minutiae left him unmoved. J. R. Searle, interview with T. Crane, CRASSH, University of Cambridge (9 June 2014)
Źródło: szkic AI
John Searle › 1932–2025
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
wpływ na
Sedgwick revisited Austin’s performative utterances and their examples of marriage vows, coining the ‘periperformative’ for utterances clustering around them (Touching Feeling, 2003). E. K. Sedgwick, Touching Feeling (2003); A. Parker and E. K. Sedgwick (eds.), Performativity and Performance (1995); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962)
Źródło: szkic AI
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick › 1950–2009
Judith Butler
wpływ na
Butler reworked Austin’s performative utterances, read through Derrida’s iterability, into a theory of gender performativity and of injurious speech (Bodies That Matter, 1993; Excitable Speech, 1997). J. Butler, Bodies That Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962); SEP “John Langshaw Austin”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Judith Butler › ur. 1956
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Jacques Derrida
krytyka ze strony
In ‘Signature Event Context’ (1971) Derrida objected that Austin excludes ‘non-serious’, cited utterances as parasitic, although iterability belongs to every performative. J. Derrida, “Signature événement contexte” (1971), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (1962), Lecture II; SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Źródło: szkic AI
Jacques Derrida › 1930–2004
Krytykuje 1
Alfred Jules Ayer
krytykuje
Austin attacked the sense-datum theory of Ayer’s Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), above all the argument from illusion (Sense and Sensibilia, lectures published 1962). J. L. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia, ed. G. J. Warnock (1962); A. J. Ayer, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940); Ayer’s reply: “Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Datum Theory?”, Synthese 17 (1967)
Źródło: szkic AI
Alfred Jules Ayer › 1910–1989
Dzieła
Wypowiedzi performatywne: mówić to czynić.
Przeciw teorii danych zmysłowych.
Stanowisko
Austin distrusted grand philosophical theories and preferred patient attention to what we actually say – ordinary language, he thought, stores the distinctions of many generations. His most influential discovery: many utterances do not describe anything but perform an action. Whoever says “I promise” or “I name this ship” under the right circumstances is not reporting but promising or naming. Such performative utterances are not true or false but succeed or fail (“infelicities”). From this Austin developed a general theory of speech acts, distinguishing what is said (locution), what is done in saying it (illocution) and the effects it produces (perlocution). Searle systematised the theory, and it reshaped linguistics, legal theory and, through Derrida and Butler, cultural theory.
Życie i kontekst
Austin was born in Lancaster in 1911 and studied classics at Oxford. During the Second World War he worked in British military intelligence and contributed to the preparations for the Normandy landings. From 1952 White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford, he led the “Saturday mornings” discussion group. He died in 1960, aged only 48; his main works appeared posthumously.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- A Plea for Excuses (1956)
- Philosophical Papers (1961)
- How to Do Things with Words (1962)
Pojawia się w
- Podróż „Zwrot lingwistyczny” · Przystanek 7 z 10
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