हैरियट मार्टिनो

Agora

हैरियट मार्टिनो

1802–1876

पहली झलकजानबूझकर सरलीकृत – परिचय में और विस्तार है

किसी समाज को समझने के लिए उसका सावधानी और निष्पक्षता से अवलोकन करना चाहिए – और उसे उन आदर्शों से परखना चाहिए जिनका वह स्वयं दावा करता है।

पृष्ठभूमि

समाजशास्त्र और सामाजिक सिद्धांत · उत्तरी यूरोप · समाज और इतिहास, राजनीति और विधि, लिंग और नारीवाद

लेखिका और सामाजिक अन्वेषक जिन्होंने विक्टोरियाई ब्रिटेन को कहानियों के ज़रिए राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था सिखाई, सामाजिक शोध की पहली पुस्तिकाओं में से एक लिखी और काँत के प्रत्यक्षवाद को अंग्रेज़ी पाठकों तक पहुँचाया। आज उन्हें प्रायः पहली महिला समाजशास्त्री कहा जाता है।

मुख्य विचार

नैतिकता और आचार-व्यवहार का व्यवस्थित अवलोकन
किसी समाज को उसके अपने घोषित आदर्शों से मापना
दासता की और स्त्रियों के राजनीतिक अस्तित्वहीनता की आलोचना

तारा-मानचित्र में खोलें

प्रभाव

जिनसे प्रभावित 2

एडम स्मिथ

जिनसे प्रभावित
In Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34) Martineau turned the doctrines of Smith, Malthus and Ricardo into monthly stories, popularising the division of labour and free trade. H. Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम स्मिथ › 1723–1790
आगस्त काँत

जिनसे प्रभावित
Martineau shared Comte’s view that society, like nature, follows knowable laws and condensed his Course of Positive Philosophy into an English version (1853). H. Martineau (trans.), The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1853); How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838); SEP “Auguste Comte”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आगस्त काँत › 1798–1857

कृतियाँ

1838नैतिकता और आचार-व्यवहार का अवलोकन कैसे करें
सामाजिक शोध की पहली पुस्तिकाओं में से एक: पहले किसी समाज की संस्थाओं और अभिलेखों का अध्ययन करें, लोगों की कही बातों को केवल उन पर टिप्पणी के रूप में बरतें – और समाज को उसके अपने सिद्धांतों से मापें।

मत

How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838) is one of the earliest treatises on the method of social research. Martineau warns travellers against judging foreign customs by their own prejudices and against generalising from a few conversations. Instead they should study “things” – institutions, records, buildings, epitaphs, popular songs, even the statistics of crime and suicide – in which a whole people expresses its morals. Society in America (1837) applied this method and measured the young republic against its own declared principles of equality and self-government. By that standard slavery stood condemned, and so did the position of women: in a chapter on “the political non-existence of women” she argued that they were governed without their consent, contrary to the Declaration of Independence. Martineau held that society, like nature, follows laws that can be known, which drew her to Comte; her translation made positivism available to English readers. Long remembered mainly as a populariser, she has been recognised since the late 20th century as a founder of sociology in her own right, though historians still debate how far the title fits.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Harriet Martineau was born in 1802 in Norwich into a Unitarian family of textile manufacturers and became increasingly deaf from her youth. When the family firm failed, she earned her living by writing. Her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34), monthly stories that explained the ideas of Adam Smith, Malthus and Ricardo, made her famous. From 1834 to 1836 she travelled through the United States, where her open support for the abolitionists made her enemies. She went on to write novels, history and journalism, settled in Ambleside in the Lake District in 1845, and in 1853 published a condensed English translation of Comte’s Course of Positive Philosophy. She died in 1876; her Autobiography appeared the following year.