Peter Singer
Równe cierpienie liczy się jednakowo, niezależnie od tego, czy odczuwa je człowiek, czy zwierzę – a jeśli możemy zapobiec wielkiej krzywdzie małym kosztem, musimy to zrobić.
Umiejscowienie
Utylitarna etyka praktyczna: równe interesy zasługują na równe uwzględnienie, niezależnie od gatunku – a zamożni powinni robić znacznie więcej przeciw globalnej biedzie.
Kluczowe idee
- Gatunkizm
- Efektywny altruizm
- Równe uwzględnienie interesów
Nauczyciele: Richard Hare
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Jeremy Bentham
pod wpływem
Singer made Bentham’s question ‘Can they suffer?’ and the maxim, ascribed to Bentham, that each counts for one the basis of equal consideration for animals (Animal Liberation, 1975). P. Singer, Animal Liberation (1975); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”; SEP “The Moral Status of Animals”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Jeremy Bentham › 1748–1832
John Stuart Mill
pod wpływem
Singer took up the classical utilitarianism of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick, judging actions by their consequences for the interests of all affected (Practical Ethics, 1979). P. Singer, Practical Ethics (1979); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
John Stuart Mill › 1806–1873
Henry Sidgwick
pod wpływem
With de Lazari-Radek, Singer defended Sidgwick’s utilitarianism, his ‘point of view of the universe’ and intuitionist method, and argued the dualism of practical reason can be resolved (2014). K. de Lazari-Radek and P. Singer, The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (2014); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Henry Sidgwick › 1838–1900
Richard Hare nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka)
Singer’s Oxford BPhil thesis on civil disobedience (1971) was supervised by Hare and appeared as Democracy and Disobedience (1973); Singer’s later preference utilitarianism draws on Hare’s universal prescriptivism. P. Singer, “An Intellectual Autobiography”, in J. A. Schaler (ed.), Peter Singer Under Fire (2009); P. Singer, Democracy and Disobedience (1973)
Źródło: szkic AI
Richard Hare › 1919–2002
Wpływ na 1
William MacAskill
wpływ na ✓
MacAskill took up Singer’s argument that the affluent should give much to prevent suffering (‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’, 1972), adding evidence about effectiveness (Doing Good Better, 2015). W. MacAskill, Doing Good Better (2015); P. Singer, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 1 (1972)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
William MacAskill › ur. 1987
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 3
Tom Regan
krytyka ze strony
Regan objected that Singer’s utilitarianism cannot secure animal rights: aggregating interests could justify harming individuals, treated as mere receptacles of value (The Case for Animal Rights, 1983). T. Regan, “Utilitarianism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 9 (1980); The Case for Animal Rights (1983); P. Singer, “Utilitarianism and Vegetarianism”, Philosophy & Public Affairs 9 (1980)
Źródło: szkic AI
Tom Regan › 1938–2017
Martha Nussbaum
krytyka ze strony
Nussbaum objected that Singer’s utilitarian approach to animals aggregates pleasures and pains and neglects the many-sided flourishing of each kind of creature (Frontiers of Justice, 2006, ch. 6). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice (2006), ch. 6; Justice for Animals (2023)
Źródło: szkic AI
Martha Nussbaum › ur. 1947
Alice Crary
krytyka ze strony
Crary objected that Singer ranks beings by individual capacities, a ‘moral individualism’ that does justice neither to animals nor to people with severe cognitive disabilities (Inside Ethics, 2016). A. Crary, Inside Ethics: On the Demands of Moral Thought (2016)
Źródło: szkic AI
Alice Crary › ur. 1967
Dzieła
Tonące dziecko w stawie: jesteśmy winni tyle samo tym, którzy są daleko, co tym, którzy są blisko.
Za Benthamem: pytanie nie brzmi „Czy potrafią rozumować?”, lecz „Czy potrafią cierpieć?”
- 1979Etyka praktyczna
Utylitaryzm preferencji w zastosowaniu: zwierzęta, ubóstwo, życie i śmierć.
Stanowisko
Singer applies a utilitarian principle with unusual consistency: the equal interests of all beings capable of suffering deserve equal consideration. In “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” he argued that if we would wade into a pond to save a drowning child at the cost of muddy clothes, we are equally obliged to help distant people dying of poverty. In Animal Liberation he called the disregard of animal suffering “speciesism,” analogous to racism, and criticised factory farming and animal experiments. Practical Ethics applies these principles to abortion, euthanasia and disability, where his conclusions have provoked fierce protests, especially in Germany. His work inspired the animal rights movement and the effective altruism movement.
Życie i kontekst
Singer was born in Melbourne in 1946 to Jewish parents who had fled Vienna; three of his grandparents were murdered in the Holocaust. He studied in Melbourne and at Oxford, where R. M. Hare taught him. After teaching at Monash University he became professor of bioethics at Princeton in 1999. He is among the most widely read and most controversial living philosophers.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Animal Liberation (1975)
- Practical Ethics (1979)
- The Expanding Circle (1981)
- The Life You Can Save (2009)
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