Martha Nussbaum

Agora

Martha Nussbaum

ur. 1947

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Sprawiedliwe społeczeństwo zapewnia, by każda osoba mogła rzeczywiście robić i być pewnymi podstawowymi rzeczami – a emocje są sądami o tym, co ma znaczenie.

Umiejscowienie

Filozofia polityczna i etyka (XX–XXI w.) · Ameryka Północna · Etyka, Polityka i prawo, Płeć i feminizm

Podejście oparte na zdolnościach: sprawiedliwość pyta, do czego ludzie są faktycznie zdolni i kim mogą być.

Kluczowe idee

Podejście oparte na zdolnościach
Kruchość dobra
Emocje jako sądy

Otwórz na mapie gwiazd

Wpływ

Pod wpływem 7

Arystoteles

pod wpływem ✓
Nussbaum grounded her capabilities approach in Aristotle’s idea of human functioning (‘Nature, Function, and Capability’, 1988) and studied his ethics of fragile goods (The Fragility of Goodness, 1986). M. C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (1986); “Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, suppl. vol. (1988)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Zenon z Kition

pod wpływem
Nussbaum traced cosmopolitanism to the Stoics, citing Plutarch’s report of Zeno’s Republic, in which all humans are fellow citizens (‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, 1997). M. C. Nussbaum, “Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism”, Journal of Political Philosophy 5 (1997); The Cosmopolitan Tradition (2019); Plutarch, De Alexandri fortuna I
Źródło: szkic AI
Zenon z Kition › ok. 334–262 p.n.e.
Seneka Młodszy

pod wpływem
Nussbaum read Seneca’s De ira as Stoic therapy of the passions, treating emotions as judgements open to rational criticism (The Therapy of Desire, 1994). M. C. Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (1994); Seneca, De ira
Źródło: szkic AI
Seneka Młodszy › ok. 4 p.n.e. – 65 n.e.
Iris Murdoch

pod wpływem
Nussbaum took up Murdoch’s idea of moral attention as just and loving perception in arguing that novels can do moral philosophy (Love’s Knowledge, 1990). M. C. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature (1990); I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
Źródło: szkic AI
Iris Murdoch › 1919–1999
Martin Luther King Jr.

pod wpływem
Nussbaum read King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ as turning anger away from retribution towards a shared future, a model of non-retributive justice (Anger and Forgiveness, 2016). M. C. Nussbaum, Anger and Forgiveness: Resentment, Generosity, Justice (2016); M. L. King Jr., “I Have a Dream” (1963)
Źródło: szkic AI
Martin Luther King Jr. › 1929–1968
Bernard Williams

pod wpływem
Nussbaum took up Williams’s ‘moral luck’ and his doubts about systematic moral theory in her study of Greek tragedy and ethics (The Fragility of Goodness, 1986). M. C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (1986); B. Williams, “Moral Luck”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 50 (1976)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Bernard Williams › 1929–2003
Amartya Sen

pod wpływem ✓
Nussbaum took up Sen’s capability approach, which they developed together at WIDER in Helsinki (The Quality of Life, 1993), and gave it a list of central capabilities. M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development (2000)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Amartya Sen › ur. 1933

Krytyka

Krytykuje 3

John Rawls pod wpływem

pod wpływem
Nussbaum adopted Rawls’s political liberalism, presenting her list of central capabilities as the possible object of an overlapping consensus (Women and Human Development, 2000). M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
krytykuje
Nussbaum argued that Rawls’s social contract cannot do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations or animals, and proposed capabilities instead (Frontiers of Justice, 2006). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006)
Źródło: szkic AI
John Rawls › 1921–2002
Peter Singer

krytykuje
Nussbaum objected that Singer’s utilitarian approach to animals aggregates pleasures and pains and neglects the many-sided flourishing of each kind of creature (Frontiers of Justice, 2006, ch. 6). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice (2006), ch. 6; Justice for Animals (2023)
Źródło: szkic AI
Peter Singer › ur. 1946
Judith Butler

krytykuje
Nussbaum objected that Butler’s obscure prose and politics of subversive parody turn feminism away from material injustice and political action (‘The Professor of Parody’, 1999). M. C. Nussbaum, “The Professor of Parody”, The New Republic, 22 February 1999
Źródło: szkic AI
Judith Butler › ur. 1956

Dzieła

1986Kruchość dobra
Szczęście i etyka w greckiej tragedii i filozofii.
2006Granice sprawiedliwości
Niepełnosprawność, narodowość, zwierzęta – tam, gdzie idea umowy społecznej zawodzi.

Stanowisko

In The Fragility of Goodness Nussbaum argued, through Greek tragedy and philosophy, that a good human life is vulnerable to luck – and that this vulnerability belongs to its value. With Sen she developed the capability approach and gave it a concrete, Aristotelian content: a list of central capabilities, such as life, health, bodily integrity, practical reason and affiliation, that every just society must secure for all citizens up to a threshold. In Frontiers of Justice she argued that social contract theories fail to do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations and animals. Her work on emotions treats them as intelligent judgments about what matters to us. Nussbaum combines classical scholarship with engaged political philosophy.

Życie i kontekst

Nussbaum was born in New York in 1947, studied theatre and classics and took her doctorate at Harvard. She taught at Harvard and Brown and, in the 1980s, worked with Amartya Sen at a UN research institute in Helsinki. Since 1995 she has taught law and ethics at the University of Chicago. She has received numerous honours, including the Kyoto Prize and the Berggruen Prize.