एडवर्ड सईद
पश्चिम ने पूर्व की एक विदेशी और पिछड़े की छवि गढ़ी, और उस छवि ने उस पर शासन को उचित ठहराने का काम किया।
पृष्ठभूमि
ओरिएंटलिज़्म: पश्चिम ने “पूर्व” को अपने प्रति-प्रतिबिंब के रूप में कैसे गढ़ा।
मुख्य विचार
- ओरिएंटलिज़्म
- प्रतिबिंदु पाठ (contrapuntal reading)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
जामबातिस्ता विको
जिनसे प्रभावित
Said took from Vico, discussed in Beginnings (1975), the principle that humans know what they have made, treating the Orient as a human construction (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Beginnings: Intention and Method (1975); Orientalism (1978), introduction; SEP “Giambattista Vico”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जामबातिस्ता विको › 1668–1744
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
जिनसे प्रभावित
Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी › 1891–1937
एमे सेज़ेर
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Culture and Imperialism (1993, ch. 3) Said read Césaire’s Notebook of a Return to the Native Land and his rewriting of The Tempest (1969) as works of a culture of resistance in which the colonised reclaim their own history. E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993), ch. 3 “Resistance and Opposition”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमे सेज़ेर › 1913–2008
रेमंड विलियम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Said built on Williams’s The Country and the City (1973) and his structures of feeling, while noting that Williams said little about empire (Culture and Imperialism, 1993). E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993); The World, the Text, and the Critic (1983); R. Williams, The Country and the City (1973)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेमंड विलियम्स › 1921–1988
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिनसे प्रभावित
Said read Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth (1961) as a theory of liberation that also warns against national elites repeating colonial rule (Culture and Imperialism, 1993). E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993); F. Fanon, Les damnés de la terre (1961); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
मिशेल फूको
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Said used Foucault’s notion of discourse to describe Orientalism as knowledge bound up with colonial power, while giving more weight than Foucault to individual authors (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; M. Foucault, L’archéologie du savoir (1969); SEP “Michel Foucault”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
सैयद हुसैन अलातास
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Culture and Imperialism (1993) Said cited Alatas’s The Myth of the Lazy Native (1977) as scholarship exposing the colonial image of the native as ideology. E. W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993); S. H. Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native (1977)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सैयद हुसैन अलातास › 1928–2007
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
लिंडा तुहिवाई स्मिथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Tuhiwai Smith used Said’s Orientalism to describe the ‘positional superiority’ of Western knowledge and the imperial archive through which research classified others (Decolonizing Methodologies, 1999). L. Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies (1999); E. Said, Orientalism (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लिंडा तुहिवाई स्मिथ › जन्म 1950
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
सादिक़ जलाल अल-अज़्म
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Al-Azm objected that Said, by tracing Orientalism back to Homer and Aeschylus, made it an unchanging essence of the West, and that those who answered it with an unchanging Islamic or Arab essence practised Orientalism in reverse. S. J. al-Azm, “Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse”, Khamsin 8 (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सादिक़ जलाल अल-अज़्म › 1934–2016
कृतियाँ
- 1978ओरिएंटलिज़्म
पश्चिमी सत्ता के उपकरण के रूप में पूर्व का ज्ञान।
मत
In Orientalism Said examined how European scholarship, literature and politics since the eighteenth century created an image of “the Orient” as exotic, irrational, unchanging and in need of guidance – the counter-image against which the West defined itself as rational and progressive. Drawing on Foucault’s analysis of discourse and power and on Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, he argued that this knowledge was not innocent but bound up with colonial domination. In Culture and Imperialism he extended the analysis to the great novels of the nineteenth century and proposed a “contrapuntal” reading that brings out the colonial world hidden in them. Said became one of the founders of postcolonial studies, and his work still provokes debate.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Said was born in Jerusalem in 1935 into a Palestinian Christian family and grew up partly in Cairo. He studied at Princeton and Harvard and taught English and comparative literature at Columbia University in New York from 1963 until his death. A prominent advocate of Palestinian rights, he co-founded the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra with Daniel Barenboim. He died in 2003.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Orientalism (1978)
- The Question of Palestine (1979)
- Culture and Imperialism (1993)
- Out of Place (1999)
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