乌尔里希·贝克
现代社会如今制造出污染和核事故这类不分国界的危险，并且必须学会应对自身成功所带来的副作用。
定位
他的《风险社会》（Risikogesellschaft）出版于切尔诺贝利事故那一年：现代社会不再只分配财富，也分配自己制造的风险——并且必须反身地转向自身的基础。
核心思想
- 风险社会
- 反身性现代化
- 个体化
- 世界主义与方法论民族主义
影响
受影响于 3
卡尔·马克思
受其影响
Beck set the risk society against Marx’s class society: where industrial modernity distributed wealth, reflexive modernity also distributes risks, and individualisation yields a ‘capitalism without classes’ (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne (1986); “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?” (1983)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
格奥尔格·齐美尔
受其影响
Commentators trace Beck’s individualisation thesis to Simmel’s individuality arising from intersecting social circles; Beck diagnosed a new surge of it in post-war West Germany (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft (1986); G. Simmel, Über sociale Differenzierung (1890); Soziologie (1908), “Die Kreuzung sozialer Kreise”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·齐美尔 › 1858–1918
马克斯·韦伯
受其影响
Beck turned Weber’s terms status group and class on current inequality, arguing that individualisation leaves it ‘beyond status and class’ (‘Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?’, 1983). U. Beck, “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?”, in R. Kreckel (ed.), Soziale Ungleichheiten (1983); Risikogesellschaft (1986)
依据: AI 草稿
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920
作品
- 1986风险社会
出版于切尔诺贝利事故那一年：工业现代性产生了它无法再遏制的风险，围绕物品分配的冲突之外，又加上了围绕危害分配的冲突。
立场
Beck’s thesis was that industrial modernity is being transformed by its own success. Classical industrial society argued about how to distribute wealth; the “risk society” must also distribute the dangers it produces itself – radiation, toxins, climate change, financial crashes. Such risks are often invisible, depend on scientific knowledge to be perceived at all, and cross the boundaries of class and nation: “Poverty is hierarchic, smog is democratic.” Because science and industry produce the very risks they are asked to control, modernity becomes “reflexive”: it is confronted with itself, and its institutions lose their unquestioned authority. At the same time Beck diagnosed a new wave of individualisation. Class, family and fixed gender roles lose their binding force, and people must assemble their own biographies – a freedom that brings new dependence on labour markets and welfare states, and whose consequences for intimate life he and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim explored in The Normal Chaos of Love (1990). In his later work Beck criticised the “methodological nationalism” of the social sciences, which treat nation-states as the natural containers of society, and argued for a cosmopolitan outlook suited to a world of global risks.
生平与背景
Ulrich Beck was born in 1944 in Stolp in Pomerania (now Słupsk in Poland) and grew up in Hanover. He first studied law in Freiburg, then sociology, philosophy, psychology and political science in Munich, where he took his doctorate in 1972 and his habilitation in 1979. He was professor of sociology in Münster (1979–81) and Bamberg (1981–92) and from 1992 at the University of Munich, and he also taught at the London School of Economics. Risikogesellschaft, published in 1986 a few months after the Chernobyl disaster, made him known far beyond academia. A committed European and public intellectual, he intervened in debates on globalisation, ecology and the euro crisis. He died unexpectedly in Munich on 1 January 2015.
其他主要作品
- Risk Society (1986)
- The Normal Chaos of Love (with Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, 1990)
- Reflexive Modernization (with Anthony Giddens and Scott Lash, 1994)
- What Is Globalization? (1997)
- World at Risk (2007)
- The Metamorphosis of the World (posthumous, 2016)
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