AgoraOtwarty plac myśli

Georg Simmel

1858–1918

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Społeczeństwo składa się z niezliczonych drobnych interakcji, a nowoczesne rzeczy, takie jak pieniądz i wielkie miasta, zmieniają to, jak ludzie czują i odnoszą się do siebie.

Umiejscowienie

Socjologia i teoria społeczna · Europa Zachodnia · Społeczeństwo i historia, Estetyka, Egzystencja i ja

Współzałożyciel socjologii i eseista nowoczesności: pieniądz, wielkie miasto i moda jako formy, w których kształtuje się życie społeczne.

Kluczowe idee

  • Formy uspołecznienia
  • Filozofia pieniądza
  • Życie umysłowe wielkiego miasta

Uczniowie: Martin Buber, György Lukács, Alain Locke

Otwórz na mapie gwiazd

Wpływ

Pod wpływem 3

  • Immanuel Kant

    pod wpływem

    Simmel recast Kant’s ‘How is nature possible?’ as ‘How is society possible?’, answering with a priori forms through which individuals experience themselves as members of society (Soziologie, 1908). G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Exkurs über das Problem: Wie ist Gesellschaft möglich?”; Kant. Sechzehn Vorlesungen (1904); D. Frisby, Georg Simmel (1984)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804

  • Karol Marks

    pod wpływem

    Simmel wanted to build ‘a storey beneath historical materialism’, tracing economic forms themselves to psychological and metaphysical preconditions (Philosophie des Geldes, 1900, preface). G. Simmel, Philosophie des Geldes (1900), preface; D. Frisby, Georg Simmel (1984)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Karol Marks › 1818–1883

  • Friedrich Nietzsche

    pod wpływem

    In Schopenhauer und Nietzsche (1907) Simmel read Nietzsche’s ethics as aiming at the elevation of the human type, not at egoism. G. Simmel, Schopenhauer und Nietzsche (1907); “Friedrich Nietzsche. Eine moralphilosophische Silhouette” (1896); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900

Wpływ na 11

  • Max Weber

    wpływ na

    Weber drew on Simmel’s Problems of the Philosophy of History (1892) for interpretive understanding and on The Philosophy of Money (1900), but criticised his method (fragment, c. 1908). M. Weber, “Georg Simmel als Soziologe und Theoretiker der Geldwirtschaft” (fragment, c. 1908, printed 1972); “Roscher und Knies” (1903–06); Die protestantische Ethik (1904–05); SEP “Max Weber”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Max Weber › 1864–1920

  • Martin Buber uczeń/uczennica

    uczeń/uczennica

    Buber attended Simmel’s lectures in Berlin; when he edited the series Die Gesellschaft he first tried to win his ‘former teacher’ as editor, and Simmel contributed Die Religion (1906). SEP “Martin Buber”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Martin Buber › 1878–1965

  • Alain Locke uczeń/uczennica

    uczeń/uczennica

    Between Oxford and his Harvard doctorate, Locke studied at the University of Berlin in 1910–11 under Simmel and deepened his interest in the value theory of Meinong, Ehrenfels and Brentano. SEP “Alain LeRoy Locke”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Alain Locke › 1885–1954

  • György Lukács uczeń/uczennica

    uczeń/uczennica

    Lukács attended Simmel’s private seminar in Berlin (1906–07 and 1909–10); in History and Class Consciousness (1923) he still drew on Simmel’s Philosophie des Geldes while criticising it. SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”; G. Lukács, “Georg Simmel” (1918)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    György Lukács › 1885–1971

  • Walter Benjamin

    wpływ na

    Benjamin noted for the Arcades Project that his concept of origin (1928) transposed Goethe’s concept of truth, as Simmel presented it (Goethe, 1913), from nature to history. W. Benjamin, Das Passagen-Werk (written 1927–40, publ. 1982), convolute N; G. Simmel, Goethe (1913)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Walter Benjamin › 1892–1940

  • Karl Mannheim

    wpływ na ✓

    Mannheim heard Simmel in Berlin and took up his tragedy of culture, the gulf between soul and objective culture, in his Budapest lecture ‘Soul and Culture’ (1917/18). K. Mannheim, “Lélek és kultúra” (lecture 1917, printed 1918); D. Kettler, V. Meja and N. Stehr, Karl Mannheim (1984)

    Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata

    Karl Mannheim › 1893–1947

Pokaż wszystko (11)Pokaż mniej
  • Erving Goffman

    wpływ na

    Goffman took Simmel’s ‘ideal sphere’ around every person as the basis of avoidance rituals that keep a respectful distance from others (‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanor’, 1956). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor” (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Das Geheimnis und die geheime Gesellschaft”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Erving Goffman › 1922–1982

  • Zygmunt Bauman

    wpływ na

    Bauman drew on Simmel’s figure of the stranger, near and remote at once, to analyse modernity’s fear of what defies classification (Modernity and Ambivalence, 1991). Z. Bauman, Modernity and Ambivalence (1991); G. Simmel, “Exkurs über den Fremden”, in Soziologie (1908)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Zygmunt Bauman › 1925–2017

  • Ulrich Beck

    wpływ na

    Commentators trace Beck’s individualisation thesis to Simmel’s individuality arising from intersecting social circles; Beck diagnosed a new surge of it in post-war West Germany (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft (1986); G. Simmel, Über sociale Differenzierung (1890); Soziologie (1908), “Die Kreuzung sozialer Kreise”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Ulrich Beck › 1944–2015

  • Patricia Hill Collins

    wpływ na

    Collins modelled Black women’s ‘outsider within’ status partly on Simmel’s stranger, near and far at once, whose marginality brings objectivity (‘Learning from the Outsider Within’, 1986). P. H. Collins, “Learning from the Outsider Within”, Social Problems 33 (1986); G. Simmel, “Exkurs über den Fremden”, in Soziologie (1908)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Patricia Hill Collins › ur. 1948

  • Andreas Reckwitz

    wpływ na

    Reckwitz took up Simmel’s ‘qualitative individualism’, the valuing of the individual as unique, and made singularity the guiding logic of late-modern society (Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten, 2017). A. Reckwitz, Die Gesellschaft der Singularitäten (2017); reply to critics, Analyse & Kritik (2022); G. Simmel, “Die beiden Formen des Individualismus” (1901)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Andreas Reckwitz › ur. 1970

Krytyka

Krytyka ze strony 2

  • Émile Durkheim

    krytyka ze strony

    Durkheim objected that Simmel’s formal sociology separates the forms of association from their content too vaguely to found a science (‘La sociologie et son domaine scientifique’, 1900). É. Durkheim, “La sociologia ed il suo dominio scientifico”, Rivista italiana di sociologia 4 (1900)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Émile Durkheim › 1858–1917

  • Marianne Weber

    krytyka ze strony

    In ‘Die Frau und die objektive Kultur’ (1913) Marianne Weber answered Simmel’s claim that objective culture is male and women’s being self-contained, defending women’s share in culture-creating work. Marianne Weber, “Die Frau und die objektive Kultur”, Logos 4 (1913); G. Simmel, “Weibliche Kultur” (1911), in Philosophische Kultur

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Marianne Weber › 1870–1954

Dzieła

Stanowisko

Simmel asked “How is society possible?” and answered that society is not a thing but a web of interactions (Wechselwirkungen). A new sociology, he argued in Sociology (1908), should study the forms of these interactions – competition, conflict, secrecy, superiority and subordination – apart from their changing contents, and the way the number of participants shapes them: a dyad dies with either member, a triad allows mediation or the “laughing third” who profits from the quarrel of two. His excursus on the stranger describes the one “who comes today and stays tomorrow”, near and distant at once. The Philosophy of Money (1900) shows how money turns qualities into quantities: it frees individuals from personal dependence but makes relationships more distant and calculating. In the metropolis, he observed in 1903, the flood of stimuli breeds a reserved, blasé attitude. He also described a “tragedy of culture”, in which the objective creations of the mind outgrow the individuals who make them. Lukács, Bloch and Kracauer heard his lectures, and Benjamin and the Chicago School drew on his work.

Życie i kontekst

Georg Simmel was born in Berlin in 1858; his father had converted from Judaism to Christianity, and Simmel was baptised a Protestant. He taught for three decades at the University of Berlin, where his lectures drew large audiences, among them the young Robert E. Park, later of the Chicago School. Antisemitism and distrust of his essayistic style kept him for most of his career a Privatdozent and unsalaried extraordinary professor; a chair in Heidelberg, for which Max Weber had proposed him in 1908, was refused after a hostile report. In 1909 he co-founded the German Sociological Association with Weber, Ferdinand Tönnies and others. He gained a chair in Strasbourg only in 1914 and died there in 1918.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • On Social Differentiation (1890)
  • The Philosophy of Money (1900)
  • The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903)
  • Sociology (1908)
  • Philosophical Culture (1911)

Źródła: Wikipedia · Wikidata

Stan na listopad 2026 · Źródła · Ulepsz tę stronę · Jak powstaje Agora

Otwórz na mapie gwiazd