巴门尼德
变化和多是感官的幻觉；理性表明，真正存在的东西是一，不变且永恒。
定位
存在者存在，非存在者不存在：变化与多只是假象，真正的存在是一而不变的。
核心思想
- 存在者存在，非存在者不存在
- 真理之路与意见之路
学生: 埃利亚的芝诺
影响
受影响于 2
色诺芬尼
受其影响 存在争议 ✓
Aristotle reports that Parmenides was said to be Xenophanes’ pupil (Metaphysics I.5, 986b22); a debt to Xenophanes’ unmoving god and his doubts about opinion is disputed. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.5, 986b21–25; Xenophanes, DK 21 B26, B34; Diogenes Laertius IX.21; SEP “Xenophanes”
色诺芬尼 › 约公元前570—前478年年
影响了 8
埃利亚的芝诺 教过
教过 后世传述 ✓
Known only from later sources – the dramatic scene of Plato’s Parmenides (127a–128e), written decades later, and Diogenes Laertius 9.25; that Zeno’s arguments defend Parmenides is widely accepted, a teaching relation as such is not independently attested. Plato, Parmenides 127a–128e; Sophist 216a; Diogenes Laertius 9.25; SEP “Zeno of Elea”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
埃利亚的芝诺 › 约公元前490—前430年年
德谟克利特
影响了
With Leucippus, Democritus granted the Eleatics that nothing comes from nothing but posited void and indivisible atoms, so that plurality and motion become possible again. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.8; SEP “Ancient Atomism”
依据: AI 草稿
德谟克利特 › 约公元前460—前370年年
普罗提诺
影响了
Plotinus cited Parmenides’ ‘thinking and being are the same’ and found the One, Intellect and Soul in the first hypotheses of Plato’s Parmenides (Enneads V.1.8). Plotinus, Enneads V.1.8; Parmenides, DK 28 B3; SEP “Plotinus”
依据: AI 草稿
普罗提诺 › 204–270
马丁·海德格尔
影响了 ✓
Heidegger read Parmenides’ saying that thinking and being are the same as their belonging together (Introduction to Metaphysics, 1935; publ. 1953) and his goddess Aletheia as unconcealment (1942–43). M. Heidegger, Einführung in die Metaphysik (lectures 1935; publ. 1953); Parmenides (lectures 1942–43; publ. 1982); Identität und Differenz (1957); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976
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阿那克萨戈拉
影响了
Anaxagoras accepted Parmenides’ principle that nothing comes to be or perishes and reinterpreted change as the mixing and separating of ever-existing stuffs (DK 59 B17). Anaxagoras, DK 59 B17; SEP “Anaxagoras”
依据: AI 草稿
阿那克萨戈拉 › 约公元前500—前428年年
高尔吉亚
影响了
In On Not-Being Gorgias turned Parmenides’ form of argument against Eleatic being: nothing is; if it were, it could not be known; if known, not communicated. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians I.65–87; pseudo-Aristotle, On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias; IEP “Gorgias”
依据: AI 草稿
高尔吉亚 › 约公元前483—前376年年
批评
受批评于 1
亚里士多德
受其批评
Aristotle objected that Parmenides’ argument for a single unchanging being fails because ‘being’ is said in many ways (Physics I.2–3). Aristotle, Physics I.2–3, 184b–187a; Metaphysics I.5, 986b
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
批评了 1
赫拉克利特
批评了 存在争议
Parmenides’ attack on ‘two-headed mortals’, for whom being and not-being are the same and not the same, is often read as aimed at Heraclitus; this is disputed. Parmenides, DK 28 B6.4–9; SEP “Parmenides”
依据: AI 草稿
赫拉克利特 › 约公元前535—前475年年
作品
- 约公元前475年年论自然
女神揭示真理之路：唯有“存在”存在。
立场
Parmenides argued that thought must hold to what is: what is not can be neither thought nor spoken of. From this he concluded that being cannot come into existence or perish, cannot change, move or be divided – it is one, complete and unchanging, like a well-rounded sphere. The world of the senses, with its birth, death and motion, belongs to the “way of opinion”, not to the “way of truth”. This radical argument confronted all later Greek philosophy with a challenge: how to account for change and plurality without saying that something comes from nothing. Plato, the atomists and Aristotle all developed their positions in answer to him.
生平与背景
Parmenides came from Elea, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and was active in the early fifth century BCE. According to Plato, he visited Athens in old age and met the young Socrates. He set out his philosophy in a poem in hexameters, in which a goddess reveals the truth to a young traveller; substantial parts of it survive.
其他主要作品
- On Nature (didactic poem, c. 475 BCE)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘从神话到逻各斯’ · 第 5 站，共 8 站
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