Parmenides
Zmiana i wielość są złudzeniami zmysłów; rozum pokazuje, że to, co naprawdę istnieje, jest jedno, niezmienne i wieczne.
Umiejscowienie
Co jest, jest; czego nie ma, nie ma: zmiana i wielość są złudzeniem, prawdziwe Bycie jest jedno i niezmienne.
Kluczowe idee
- Co jest, jest; czego nie ma, nie ma
- Droga Prawdy a Droga Mniemania
Uczniowie: Zenon z Elei
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 2
Pitagoras
pod wpływem sporne
Diogenes Laertius reports that the Pythagorean Ameinias, rather than Xenophanes, turned Parmenides to a life of quiet; any Pythagorean influence on his doctrine is disputed. Diogenes Laertius IX.21 (Sotion); SEP “Parmenides”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Pitagoras › według tradycji ok. 570–495 p.n.e.
Ksenofanes
pod wpływem sporne ✓
Aristotle reports that Parmenides was said to be Xenophanes’ pupil (Metaphysics I.5, 986b22); a debt to Xenophanes’ unmoving god and his doubts about opinion is disputed. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.5, 986b21–25; Xenophanes, DK 21 B26, B34; Diogenes Laertius IX.21; SEP “Xenophanes”
Ksenofanes › ok. 570–478 p.n.e.
Wpływ na 8
Empedokles
wpływ na ✓
Empedocles accepted Parmenides’ claim that nothing comes from nothing or perishes and explained change as the mixing and separating of four eternal roots (DK 31 B8, B11–12). Empedocles, DK 31 B8, B11–12, B17; SEP “Empedocles”
Empedokles › ok. 494–434 p.n.e.
Zenon z Elei uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica późniejsza tradycja ✓
Known only from later sources – the dramatic scene of Plato’s Parmenides (127a–128e), written decades later, and Diogenes Laertius 9.25; that Zeno’s arguments defend Parmenides is widely accepted, a teaching relation as such is not independently attested. Plato, Parmenides 127a–128e; Sophist 216a; Diogenes Laertius 9.25; SEP “Zeno of Elea”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Zenon z Elei › ok. 490–430 p.n.e.
Demokryt
wpływ na
With Leucippus, Democritus granted the Eleatics that nothing comes from nothing but posited void and indivisible atoms, so that plurality and motion become possible again. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.8; SEP “Ancient Atomism”
Źródło: szkic AI
Demokryt › ok. 460–370 p.n.e.
Platon
wpływ na ✓
Plato took over Parmenides’ contrast between unchanging being, grasped by thought, and opinion about what changes, and in the Sophist revised his ban on not-being (241d). Plato, Republic V, 476d–480a; Sophist 241d–259d; SEP “Parmenides”
Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Plotyn
wpływ na
Plotinus cited Parmenides’ ‘thinking and being are the same’ and found the One, Intellect and Soul in the first hypotheses of Plato’s Parmenides (Enneads V.1.8). Plotinus, Enneads V.1.8; Parmenides, DK 28 B3; SEP “Plotinus”
Źródło: szkic AI
Plotyn › 204–270
Martin Heidegger
wpływ na ✓
Heidegger read Parmenides’ saying that thinking and being are the same as their belonging together (Introduction to Metaphysics, 1935; publ. 1953) and his goddess Aletheia as unconcealment (1942–43). M. Heidegger, Einführung in die Metaphysik (lectures 1935; publ. 1953); Parmenides (lectures 1942–43; publ. 1982); Identität und Differenz (1957); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
Martin Heidegger › 1889–1976
Pokaż wszystko (8)Pokaż mniej
Anaksagoras
wpływ na
Anaxagoras accepted Parmenides’ principle that nothing comes to be or perishes and reinterpreted change as the mixing and separating of ever-existing stuffs (DK 59 B17). Anaxagoras, DK 59 B17; SEP “Anaxagoras”
Źródło: szkic AI
Anaksagoras › ok. 500–428 p.n.e.
Gorgiasz
wpływ na
In On Not-Being Gorgias turned Parmenides’ form of argument against Eleatic being: nothing is; if it were, it could not be known; if known, not communicated. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians I.65–87; pseudo-Aristotle, On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias; IEP “Gorgias”
Źródło: szkic AI
Gorgiasz › ok. 483–376 p.n.e.
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Arystoteles
krytyka ze strony
Aristotle objected that Parmenides’ argument for a single unchanging being fails because ‘being’ is said in many ways (Physics I.2–3). Aristotle, Physics I.2–3, 184b–187a; Metaphysics I.5, 986b
Źródło: szkic AI
Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Krytykuje 1
Heraklit
krytykuje sporne
Parmenides’ attack on ‘two-headed mortals’, for whom being and not-being are the same and not the same, is often read as aimed at Heraclitus; this is disputed. Parmenides, DK 28 B6.4–9; SEP “Parmenides”
Źródło: szkic AI
Heraklit › ok. 535–475 p.n.e.
Dzieła
- ok. 475 p.n.e.O naturze
Bogini objawia Drogę Prawdy: istnieje tylko Byt.
Stanowisko
Parmenides argued that thought must hold to what is: what is not can be neither thought nor spoken of. From this he concluded that being cannot come into existence or perish, cannot change, move or be divided – it is one, complete and unchanging, like a well-rounded sphere. The world of the senses, with its birth, death and motion, belongs to the “way of opinion”, not to the “way of truth”. This radical argument confronted all later Greek philosophy with a challenge: how to account for change and plurality without saying that something comes from nothing. Plato, the atomists and Aristotle all developed their positions in answer to him.
Życie i kontekst
Parmenides came from Elea, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and was active in the early fifth century BCE. According to Plato, he visited Athens in old age and met the young Socrates. He set out his philosophy in a poem in hexameters, in which a goddess reveals the truth to a young traveller; substantial parts of it survive.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- On Nature (didactic poem, c. 475 BCE)
Pojawia się w
- Podróż „Od mythosu do logosu” · Przystanek 5 z 8
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