毕达哥拉斯
据说归于他名下的学说认为，数及其比例使整个世界井然有序——而灵魂会在新的身体中重生。
定位
我们只能通过后世、往往带有传说色彩的记载了解他：他在克罗顿创立了一个宗教—哲学团体；世界按数的比例构成、灵魂会轮回转世等观念，被追溯到他及其追随者。
核心思想
- 万物皆数
- 灵魂轮回
- 天球和谐
影响
受影响于 2
阿那克西曼德
受其影响 存在争议 ✓
Late ancient lives of Pythagoras (Porphyry, Iamblichus) name Anaximander among his teachers; the report is uncertain, and no particular doctrine can be traced from one to the other. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras; Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
阿那克西曼德 › 约公元前610—前546年年
影响了 6
恩培多克勒
影响了 ✓
Empedocles took up Pythagorean transmigration and the ban on killing animals (DK 31 B117, B137); the sage praised in B129 is often taken to be Pythagoras. Empedocles, DK 31 B117, B129, B137; Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (quoting B129); SEP “Empedocles”
恩培多克勒 › 约公元前494—前434年年
柏拉图
影响了 ✓
According to Aristotle, Plato followed the Pythagoreans in most things, recasting their imitation of numbers as participation in Forms; the Timaeus builds the cosmos from mathematical proportions. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.6, 987a29–b14; Plato, Timaeus 31b–36d; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年
亚历山大的斐洛
影响了
Philo used Pythagorean number lore, praising the hebdomad at length in his account of creation, and Clement of Alexandria called him ‘the Pythagorean’. Philo, De opificio mundi 89–128; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata I–II; D. T. Runia, ‘Why does Clement of Alexandria call Philo “the Pythagorean”?’, Vigiliae Christianae 49 (1995)
依据: AI 草稿
亚历山大的斐洛 › 约公元前20年—公元50年年
尼古拉·哥白尼
影响了
In the dedication of De revolutionibus (1543) Copernicus cited Pythagorean precedents for a moving earth and the Pythagoreans’ practice of passing on doctrine only to friends. N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), dedication to Paul III; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
依据: AI 草稿
尼古拉·哥白尼 › 1473–1543
何塞·巴斯孔塞洛斯
影响了
Vasconcelos took Pythagoras’ doctrine of number and harmony as the model for a theory of rhythm uniting the cosmos, art and soul (Pitágoras: una teoría del ritmo, 1916). J. Vasconcelos, Pitágoras: Una teoría del ritmo (1916); El monismo estético (1918)
依据: AI 草稿
何塞·巴斯孔塞洛斯 › 1882–1959
批评
受批评于 2
色诺芬尼
受其批评
Xenophanes mocked Pythagoras’ doctrine of transmigration: he stops a man beating a puppy because he recognises a friend’s soul in its yelping (DK 21 B7). Xenophanes, DK 21 B7 (Diogenes Laertius 8.36); SEP “Xenophanes”
依据: AI 草稿
色诺芬尼 › 约公元前570—前478年年
赫拉克利特
受其批评
Heraclitus held that Pythagoras’ ‘much learning’ does not teach understanding, and called his wisdom ‘artful knavery’ (DK 22 B40, B129). Heraclitus, DK 22 B40, B129; SEP “Heraclitus”
依据: AI 草稿
赫拉克利特 › 约公元前535—前475年年
立场
For Pythagoras and his followers, the order of the cosmos could be expressed in number. The discovery that the musical consonances – octave, fifth and fourth – correspond to simple ratios of string lengths suggested that harmony and proportion underlie all things; later this was pictured as the “harmony of the spheres”. At the same time Pythagoras taught the immortality of the soul and its transmigration through different bodies, so that philosophy became a way of purifying the soul. This union of mathematics, cosmology and a disciplined way of life deeply influenced Plato and, through him, the whole tradition that sees mathematical structure as the key to reality.
生平与背景
Born on the island of Samos, Pythagoras emigrated around 530 BCE to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a community bound by shared rules of life, diet and silence. The brotherhood gained political influence and was later violently opposed. He wrote nothing, and much that was attributed to him stems from later Pythagoreans and from legend.
截至 2026年11月 · 来源 · 改进本页 · Agora 是如何制作的