恩斯特·马赫

Agora

恩斯特·马赫

1838–1916

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

科学是以尽可能简单的方式描述我们的感觉如何联系在一起，而像绝对空间这类没有任何经验能触及的概念应当被抛弃。

定位

自然科学与人文科学 · 东欧 · 科学, 认识论, 心灵与意识

布拉格和维也纳的物理学家：科学应当尽可能经济地描述感觉之间的联系；牛顿的绝对空间是形而上学上的空转齿轮。维也纳学派以他的名字命名自己的协会。

核心思想

思维经济
以要素（感觉）取代自在之物
对绝对空间的批判

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影响

影响了 6

克里斯蒂安·冯·埃伦费尔斯

影响了
Ehrenfels started ‘Über Gestaltqualitäten’ (1890) from Mach’s observation in the Analysis of Sensations (1886) that a melody stays the same when transposed although every tone changes. C. von Ehrenfels, “Über Gestaltqualitäten” (1890); E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Christian von Ehrenfels”; SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
克里斯蒂安·冯·埃伦费尔斯 › 1859–1932
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦

影响了 ✓
Einstein took from Mach’s critique of absolute space the idea that inertia depends on distant masses, which he named ‘Mach’s principle’ (‘Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1918). A. Einstein, “Ernst Mach”, Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916); “Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 55 (1918); E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883); SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 › 1879–1955
奥托·纽拉特

影响了 ✓
Neurath co-founded the Verein Ernst Mach (1928) and, in the manifesto he co-wrote, named Mach among the forerunners of an anti-metaphysical, unified science (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, 1929). H. Hahn, O. Neurath and R. Carnap, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (1929); SEP “Otto Neurath”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
奥托·纽拉特 › 1882–1945
莫里茨·石里克

影响了
Schlick took Mach’s former Vienna chair (1922) and chaired the Verein Ernst Mach (1928), though his early critical realism had rejected Mach’s positivism (Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, 1918). M. Schlick, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918); SEP “Moritz Schlick”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
莫里茨·石里克 › 1882–1936
布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基

影响了
Malinowski’s dissertation On the Principle of the Economy of Thought (Kraków, 1906) critically examined Mach’s empiriocriticism, which scholars such as Gellner link to his later functionalism. B. Malinowski, “O zasadzie ekonomii myślenia” (diss., Kraków, 1906), in R. J. Thornton and P. Skalník (eds.), The Early Writings of Bronisław Malinowski (1993); E. Gellner, “Zeno of Cracow” (1987); SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基 › 1884–1942
鲁道夫·卡尔纳普

影响了 ✓
Carnap built the Aufbau (1928) on an autopsychological basis of experiences, in the line of Mach’s analysis of sensations, but took elementary experiences, not sensation elements, as basic. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”; SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
鲁道夫·卡尔纳普 › 1891–1970

批评

批评了 2

艾萨克·牛顿

批评了
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
艾萨克·牛顿 › 1643–1727
伊曼努尔·康德受其影响

受其影响
Mach recalled that Kant’s Prolegomena, read at fifteen, made a ‘powerful, indelible impression’ and turned him to the critique of knowledge (Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen, 1886). E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Mach, who read Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen, came to see the thing in itself as playing an ‘idle role’: the world consists of elements such as sensations (1886). E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886), ch. I, note; SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804

作品

1883力学及其发展
对力学的历史—批判性阐述：绝对空间和时间是形而上学的；惯性必须相对于宇宙的质量来理解。
1886感觉的分析
物体和自我是由要素——颜色、声音、压力——构成的相对稳定的复合体；“自我是无法拯救的”。

立场

Mach wanted to free science from metaphysics, including the metaphysics hidden in physics. The Science of Mechanics (1883) traced the concepts of mechanics back to their origins and found Newton’s absolute space and absolute time to be “idle” ideas that no experience could check; the inertia of a body should be understood relative to the other masses of the universe. Einstein later called him a forerunner of general relativity and named this idea “Mach’s principle”. The Analysis of Sensations (1886) went further: the world consists of “elements” – colours, sounds, pressures, spaces, times – and what we call bodies and egos are only relatively stable complexes of them. “The ego cannot be saved.” He recalled that reading Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen impressed him deeply, and that soon after the thing in itself struck him as superfluous. Science aims at an “economy of thought”: laws summarise experience as briefly as possible and remain provisional. His doubts about atoms led to a long dispute with Boltzmann. The Vienna Circle founded the Verein Ernst Mach in 1928, while Lenin attacked “Machism” as idealism in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909).

生平与背景

Ernst Mach was born in 1838 in Chirlitz near Brünn in Moravia (today part of Brno) and was largely taught at home by his father. He took his doctorate in physics in Vienna in 1860, became professor in Graz in 1864 and from 1867 held the chair of experimental physics in Prague for 28 years. There he worked on acoustics, optics and the physiology of the senses, and in 1887, with Peter Salcher, published the first photographs of the shock waves around supersonic projectiles; the Mach number is named after him. In 1895 Vienna created for him a chair in the history and theory of the inductive sciences. A stroke in 1898 left him partly paralysed, and he retired in 1901, the year he was appointed to the upper house of the Austrian parliament. He died near Munich in 1916.