Isaac Newton
Te same proste prawa ruchu i ciążenia rządzą spadającym jabłkiem i planetami – a nauka powinna formułować prawa, a nie wymyślać ukryte przyczyny.
Umiejscowienie
Powszechne ciążenie i matematyczne prawa przyrody – wzór dla oświecenia.
Kluczowe idee
- Grawitacja
- „Hypotheses non fingo”
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 2
Mikołaj Kopernik
pod wpływem
Newton gave the Copernican arrangement of the planets a dynamical basis by deriving planetary motion around the sun from universal gravitation (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); SEP “Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
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Mikołaj Kopernik › 1473–1543
Galileusz
pod wpływem
Newton credited Galileo with having used the first two laws of motion to find the law of fall and the parabolic path of projectiles (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638); SEP “Isaac Newton”
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Galileusz › 1564–1642
Wpływ na 5
Voltaire
wpływ na ✓
In the Philosophical Letters (1734) Voltaire set Newton’s attraction against Descartes’ vortices and introduced Newtonian physics to a French public. Voltaire, Lettres philosophiques (1734); SEP “Voltaire”
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Voltaire › 1694–1778
Émilie du Châtelet
wpływ na ✓
Du Châtelet translated Newton’s Principia into French with a commentary of her own, completed shortly before her death in 1749 and published in 1756/1759. I. Newton, Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle, tr. É. Du Châtelet (1756/1759); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
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Émilie du Châtelet › 1706–1749
David Hume
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Hume subtitled his Treatise (1739) ‘an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects’, modelling his science of man on Newton’s natural philosophy. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), title page; SEP “David Hume”
David Hume › 1711–1776
Immanuel Kant
wpływ na ✓
Kant’s Universal Natural History (1755) explained the origin of the planetary system by Newtonian attraction plus a repulsive force, a question Newton had left to God. I. Kant, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (1755); SEP “Kant’s Philosophy of Science”
Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Albert Einstein
wpływ na ✓
Einstein kept Newton’s mechanics as a limiting case while replacing absolute space and time with relativistic spacetime and gravitation with curvature (‘Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1916). A. Einstein, “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 49 (1916); “Autobiographical Notes” (1949); SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
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Albert Einstein › 1879–1955
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 3
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
krytyka ze strony
In his letters to Clarke (1715–16) Leibniz rejected Newton’s absolute space and a God who must mend his clockwork, and called gravitation without mechanism a perpetual miracle. Leibniz–Clarke Correspondence (1715–16), Leibniz’s letters 1–5
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz › 1646–1716
George Berkeley
krytyka ze strony
Berkeley attacked Newton’s fluxions as ‘ghosts of departed quantities’ (The Analyst, 1734) and rejected absolute space and motion (Principles, 1710, §§110–117; De motu, 1721). G. Berkeley, The Analyst (1734), §35; Principles (1710), §§110–117; De motu (1721); SEP “George Berkeley”
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George Berkeley › 1685–1753
Ernst Mach
krytyka ze strony
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
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Ernst Mach › 1838–1916
Krytykuje 1
Kartezjusz pod wpływem
pod wpływem ✓
Newton studied Descartes’ Géométrie and Principia philosophiae (1660s); his first law is close to Descartes’ laws of nature, and his title echoes Descartes’ (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); R. Descartes, Principia philosophiae (1644); R. S. Westfall, Never at Rest (1980); SEP “Isaac Newton”
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krytykuje
Newton argued that Descartes’ vortices cannot account for Kepler’s laws (Principia II, 1687), and rejected his identification of space with body (De gravitatione). I. Newton, Principia (1687) II, scholium to prop. 53; De gravitatione et aequipondio fluidorum; SEP “Newton’s Philosophy”
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Kartezjusz › 1596–1650
Dzieła
Prawa ruchu i powszechne ciążenie.
Stanowisko
Newton’s Principia showed that one set of mathematical laws – the laws of motion and universal gravitation – governs both a falling apple and the orbits of the planets. Heaven and earth obey the same physics. He set out rules of reasoning that ground general laws on observation and induction, and refused to speculate about the hidden cause of gravity: “I frame no hypotheses.” His assumption of absolute space and time sparked a famous debate with Leibniz. For the Enlightenment, Newton became the model of what human reason can achieve; Hume, Kant and Voltaire all measured philosophy against his achievement.
Życie i kontekst
Born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, Newton studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In a few intense years he developed calculus, a theory of light and the beginnings of his mechanics. Later he became Master of the Royal Mint in London and President of the Royal Society. He died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) (1687)
- Opticks (1704)
- General Scholium (1713)
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