伏尔泰
在伏尔泰看来，应当用理性和宽容去对抗狂热和迷信——并且不要假装这是一切可能世界中最好的世界。
定位
启蒙运动反对狂热的斗士；在《老实人》中他嘲讽了莱布尼茨的乐观主义。
核心思想
- 宽容
- “粉碎那可耻者”（Écrasez l’infâme）
- 对乐观主义的讽刺
影响
受影响于 6
孔子
受其影响 ✓
Voltaire’s Essay on Manners (1756), which opens with China, presented Confucius as a sage who taught morality without revelation or miracles. Voltaire, Essai sur les mœurs et l’esprit des nations (1756); Dictionnaire philosophique (1764), “De la Chine”; B. Guy, The French Image of China before and after Voltaire (1963)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
孔子 › 相传 公元前551—前479年
埃米莉·迪·夏特莱 影响了
受其影响
Voltaire wrote his Elements of Newton’s Philosophy (1738) at Cirey with Du Châtelet’s help and acknowledged her in its dedication and frontispiece. Voltaire, Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (1738); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
依据: AI 草稿
影响了 ✓
At Cirey, where she lived with Voltaire from 1734, Du Châtelet worked with him on Newton; for the Academy’s prize on fire (1738) she wrote her own essay. É. Du Châtelet, Dissertation sur la nature et la propagation du feu (1739; rev. 1744); Voltaire, Essai sur la nature du feu (1739); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
埃米莉·迪·夏特莱 › 1706–1749
切萨雷·贝卡里亚
受其影响
Voltaire’s Commentary on the Book On Crimes and Punishments (1766) took up Beccaria’s case against torture and cruel penalties and applied it to French criminal justice. Voltaire, Commentaire sur le livre Des délits et des peines (1766); C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764)
依据: AI 草稿
切萨雷·贝卡里亚 › 1738–1794
影响了 1
弗里德里希·尼采
影响了 ✓
Nietzsche dedicated Human, All Too Human (1878) to Voltaire’s memory on the centenary of his death, marking his turn to free-spirited critique in an Enlightenment vein. F. Nietzsche, Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (1878), dedication; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
批评
受批评于 1
让-雅克·卢梭
受其批评
Rousseau answered Voltaire’s Lisbon poem by defending Providence: the city’s people, not nature, had crowded twenty thousand tall houses together (Letter to Voltaire, 18 August 1756). J.-J. Rousseau, Lettre à Voltaire sur la Providence, 18 Aug. 1756; Voltaire, Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (1756)
依据: AI 草稿
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
批评了 2
布莱兹·帕斯卡
批评了
In the 25th of his Philosophical Letters (1734) Voltaire took the side of humanity ‘against that sublime misanthrope’ Pascal, rejecting his picture of human wretchedness and the wager. Voltaire, Lettres philosophiques (1734), Letter XXV, “Sur les Pensées de M. Pascal”
依据: AI 草稿
布莱兹·帕斯卡 › 1623–1662
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
批评了
Voltaire mocked Leibnizian optimism through Pangloss, for whom all is for the best in the best of possible worlds (Candide, 1759; Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, 1756). Voltaire, Candide, ou l’Optimisme (1759); Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (1756)
依据: AI 草稿
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
作品
- 1734哲学通信（英国书简）
赞颂英国、洛克与牛顿——并有一封反驳帕斯卡的信。
- 1759老实人，或乐观主义
对“一切可能的世界中最好的世界”的讽刺。
立场
Voltaire was less a systematic philosopher than the great campaigner of the Enlightenment. His Philosophical Letters held up English liberty, Locke’s empiricism and Newton’s science as models for France. He attacked religious fanaticism, superstition and the power of the Church – “crush the infamous thing” – and fought publicly for victims of injustice such as Jean Calas. He was not an atheist but a deist who saw in the order of nature a reasonable creator. In Candide he mocked Leibniz’s claim that this is the best of all possible worlds, in the light of the Lisbon earthquake. With satire and clear prose he made tolerance a public cause. Yet his writings also contain antisemitic passages, for instance in the Philosophical Dictionary, and he held that the human races had separate origins (polygenism).
生平与背景
François-Marie Arouet, born in Paris in 1694, took the name Voltaire as a writer. Twice imprisoned in the Bastille, he spent 1726–1728 in England. He lived for years with Émilie du Châtelet at Cirey, then at the court of Frederick the Great in Potsdam. From 1759 his estate at Ferney near Geneva became a centre of the European Enlightenment. He died in Paris in 1778.
其他主要作品
- Philosophical Letters (1734)
- Elements of the Philosophy of Newton (1738)
- Candide, or Optimism (1759)
- Treatise on Tolerance (1763)
- Philosophical Dictionary (1764)
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