Michel de Montaigne
Bądź uczciwy co do tego, jak mało wiesz, badaj siebie dokładnie i traktuj własne obyczaje jako nie bardziej naturalne niż obyczaje kogokolwiek innego.
Umiejscowienie
Stworzył esej – nazwany od jego „prób” – jako sceptyczne badanie samego siebie: „Que sais-je?” – Cóż ja wiem?
Kluczowe idee
- Que sais-je?
- Esej jako eksperyment na sobie
- Tolerancja
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Sokrates
pod wpływem
Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
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Sokrates › 470–399 p.n.e.
Lukrecjusz
pod wpływem
Montaigne quoted Lucretius often in the Essays and annotated his own copy of Lambin’s edition (1563), rediscovered in 1989. M. de Montaigne, Essais (1580–95); M. A. Screech, Montaigne’s Annotated Copy of Lucretius (1998)
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Lukrecjusz › ok. 99–55 p.n.e.
Seneka Młodszy
pod wpływem
Montaigne quoted Seneca constantly and paired him with Plutarch as his main reading, taking up his practice of self-examination and preparation for death (Essays I.20, II.10). M. de Montaigne, Essais I.20, II.10, II.32 (1580–95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
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Seneka Młodszy › ok. 4 p.n.e. – 65 n.e.
Sekstus Empiryk
pod wpływem
In the ‘Apology for Raymond Sebond’ Montaigne took up Sextus’ Pyrrhonian modes against human reason, available in Henri Estienne’s Latin translation of 1562 (Essays II.12). M. de Montaigne, Essais II.12; Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum hypotyposeon libri III, Latin tr. H. Estienne (1562); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
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Sekstus Empiryk › ok. 160–210
Wpływ na 5
Kartezjusz
wpływ na
Descartes’ Discourse on Method (1637) echoes Montaigne in its first-person form and in the lesson drawn from the diversity of customs, without naming him. R. Descartes, Discours de la méthode (1637), ed. É. Gilson, Discours de la méthode: texte et commentaire (1925); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
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Kartezjusz › 1596–1650
Blaise Pascal
wpływ na ✓
Pascal drew heavily on Montaigne’s Essays, above all the Apology for Raymond Sebond, for his picture of human misery, custom and diversion in the Pensées (1670). B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Entretien avec M. de Sacy (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
Blaise Pascal › 1623–1662
Pierre Bayle
wpływ na
Bayle drew on Montaigne’s Essays from the Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) to the Dictionary (1697); C. B. Brush (1966) read his scepticism as variations on Montaigne’s. C. B. Brush, Montaigne and Bayle: Variations on the Theme of Skepticism (1966); S. Giocanti, on Bayle’s use of Montaigne, Libertinage et philosophie à l’époque classique 21 (2024)
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Pierre Bayle › 1647–1706
Ralph Waldo Emerson
wpływ na ✓
Emerson made Montaigne the type of the sceptic in Representative Men (1850), recalling that reading the Essays as a youth felt as if he had written them himself. R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
Ralph Waldo Emerson › 1803–1882
Friedrich Nietzsche
wpływ na ✓
In Schopenhauer as Educator (1874) Nietzsche praised Montaigne’s honesty and cheerfulness: that such a man wrote has increased the joy of living on this earth. F. Nietzsche, Schopenhauer als Erzieher (1874); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Dzieła
- 1580Próby
Sam jestem materią swojej księgi.
Stanowisko
Montaigne invented the essay as an “attempt” to examine himself, and through himself the human condition. Drawing on Sextus Empiricus, Seneca and Plutarch, he showed how changeable, contradictory and bound to custom our judgements are. His motto “What do I know?” expresses a scepticism that is not despair but a source of modesty and tolerance: what one people call barbaric, another find natural, as he argued in his essay on cannibals. Instead of grand systems he offers an art of living – accepting the body, death and one’s own limits with humour. He influenced Shakespeare, Descartes, Pascal and the whole modern tradition of self-reflection.
Życie i kontekst
Born in 1533 at the Château de Montaigne near Bordeaux, Michel de Montaigne grew up speaking Latin as his first language and served as a councillor in the Bordeaux parliament. In 1571 he withdrew to the tower library of his estate to write. Amid the French Wars of Religion he travelled to Italy, served two terms as mayor of Bordeaux and acted as a mediator; he died in 1592.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Essays (1580)
- Essays, expanded edition (1588)
- Travel Journal (1774)
Pojawia się w
- Podróż „Wątpienie i ja” · Przystanek 2 z 10
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