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罗莎·卢森堡

1871–1919

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

资本主义只有通过不断向新的地区扩张才能存续，而社会主义必须通过群众行动和民主来实现，绝不能靠专政。

定位

社会主义、无政府主义、马克思主义与批判理论 · 东欧 · 政治与法, 社会与历史

波兰裔德国马克思主义者，1919年在柏林被杀害：资本必须不断向非资本主义地区扩张；社会主义通过群众行动和民主而到来——“自由始终是持不同想法者的自由”。

核心思想

  • 资本积累与帝国主义
  • 群众罢工与自发性
  • 社会主义中异议的自由

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影响

受影响于 1

  • 弗里德里希·恩格斯

    受其影响

    In the Junius Pamphlet (1916) Luxemburg invoked Engels for the alternative ‘transition to socialism or regression into barbarism’, a wording scholars trace rather to Kautsky (1892). R. Luxemburg, Die Krise der Sozialdemokratie (Junius-Broschüre, written 1915, publ. 1916); K. Kautsky, Das Erfurter Programm (1892); I. Angus, “The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg’s Slogan ‘Socialism or Barbarism’”, Climate & Capitalism (2014)

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    弗里德里希·恩格斯 › 1820–1895

影响了 2

  • 格奥尔格·卢卡奇

    影响了

    In History and Class Consciousness (1923) Lukács praised Luxemburg’s Accumulation of Capital for its standpoint of totality while criticising her views on party organisation and the Russian Revolution. G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923), “Die Marxistin Rosa Luxemburg” and “Kritische Bemerkungen über Rosa Luxemburgs ‚Kritik der russischen Revolution‘”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    格奥尔格·卢卡奇 › 1885–1971

  • 汉娜·阿伦特

    影响了

    Arendt praised Luxemburg’s trust in the spontaneous action of the masses and her early criticism of the Bolsheviks (review of Nettl, 1966; ‘Rosa Luxemburg: 1871–1919’, 1968). H. Arendt, “A Heroine of Revolution”, review of J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, New York Review of Books (1966); repr. as “Rosa Luxemburg: 1871–1919”, in Men in Dark Times (1968)

    依据: AI 草稿

    汉娜·阿伦特 › 1906–1975

批评

批评了 1

  • 卡尔·马克思 受其影响

    受其影响

    In Social Reform or Revolution? (1899) Luxemburg defended Marx’s account of capitalism’s contradictions against Bernstein’s revisionism, arguing that reforms cannot abolish wage labour. R. Luxemburg, Sozialreform oder Revolution? (1899); E. Bernstein, Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus (1899)

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    批评了

    Luxemburg argued that Marx’s schemes of expanded reproduction in Capital II assume a closed capitalist economy, whereas accumulation depends on non-capitalist markets (The Accumulation of Capital, 1913). R. Luxemburg, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (1913), sections I and III

    依据: AI 草稿

    卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883

作品

  • 1899社会改良还是革命？

    反对伯恩施坦：改良不能代替对政治权力的夺取；资本主义的矛盾并没有缓和。

  • 1913资本积累论

    资本主义需要非资本主义市场来实现剩余价值——因此有了帝国主义，也因此有了它的极限。

立场

Luxemburg’s early pamphlet against Eduard Bernstein argued that reform and revolution are not alternatives: reforms are the means, the conquest of political power the goal, and a socialism that gives up the goal becomes mere adjustment to capitalism. “The Accumulation of Capital” criticised Marx’s reproduction schemes: surplus value, she argued, cannot be fully realised within a closed capitalist economy, so capitalism must constantly expand into non-capitalist territories – which explains imperialism and sets a limit to the system. Her critique of the Bolsheviks defended freedom of speech and elections in a revolution: “freedom is always the freedom of the one who thinks differently”.

生平与背景

Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919) was born into a Jewish family in Zamość in Russian Poland, studied in Zurich, where she took a doctorate in economics, and moved to Berlin in 1898, where she became a leading voice of the Social Democratic Party. Imprisoned for most of the First World War for opposing it, she co-founded the Communist Party of Germany in December 1918 and was murdered by Freikorps soldiers in Berlin on 15 January 1919.

其他主要作品

  • Social Reform or Revolution? (1899)
  • The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions (1906)
  • The Accumulation of Capital (1913)
  • The Russian Revolution (written 1918, published 1922)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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