Fryderyk Engels
Według Engelsa przyroda, historia i myśl rozwijają się przez sprzeczności, a nędzę robotników w kapitalizmie można udokumentować i trzeba ją zakończyć.
Umiejscowienie
Współpracownik Marksa: opracował materialistyczną dialektykę przyrody i historii (później nazwaną „materializmem dialektycznym”) i opisał położenie klasy robotniczej w Anglii.
Kluczowe idee
- Dialektyka przyrody
- Położenie klasy robotniczej
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 6
Henri de Saint-Simon
pod wpływem
Engels credited Saint-Simon with foreseeing that the government of persons would give way to the administration of things (Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, 1880). F. Engels, Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft (French 1880, German 1882); Anti-Dühring (1878)
Źródło: szkic AI
Henri de Saint-Simon › 1760–1825
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
pod wpływem ✓
Engels separated Hegel’s revolutionary method from his conservative system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886) and drew from the Logic the laws of dialectics set out in Dialectics of Nature. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); Dialektik der Natur (written 1873–83, publ. 1925); Anti-Dühring (1878)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Ludwig Feuerbach
pod wpływem ✓
Engels recalled that Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity (1841) made ‘us all’ Feuerbachians at once and restored materialism against Hegel’s system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886); L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (1841); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
Ludwig Feuerbach › 1804–1872
Karol Darwin
pod wpływem
Engels likened Marx’s law of history to Darwin’s law of organic nature (graveside speech, 1883) and drew on Darwin for an essay on labour in human evolution (1876). F. Engels, speech at Marx’s grave (1883); “Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen” (1876, publ. 1896); letter to Marx (Dec. 1859)
Źródło: szkic AI
Karol Darwin › 1809–1882
Johann Jakob Bachofen
pod wpływem
Engels drew on Bachofen’s Mother Right (1861) in The Origin of the Family (1884), calling the overthrow of mother right the ‘world-historical defeat of the female sex’. F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (1884), preface to the 4th ed. (1891); J. J. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht (1861)
Źródło: szkic AI
Johann Jakob Bachofen › 1815–1887
Karol Marks
pod wpływem ✓
After Marx’s death Engels edited Capital II (1885) and III (1894) from the manuscripts and credited the materialist conception of history mainly to Marx (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), III (ed. Engels, 1894); SEP “Karl Marx”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Wpływ na 4
Antonio Labriola
wpływ na
Labriola turned from Herbart to historical materialism around 1890 and discussed its questions with Engels in a correspondence lasting until 1895. A. Labriola, correspondence with F. Engels (1890–95); L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism II (1978)
Źródło: szkic AI
Antonio Labriola › 1843–1904
Gieorgij Plechanow
wpływ na
Plekhanov translated Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach (1886) into Russian with his own notes (1892) and built on it and Anti-Dühring his systematic account of dialectical materialism. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886), Russian tr. G. Plekhanov (1892); S. H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (1963)
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Gieorgij Plechanow › 1856–1918
Róża Luksemburg
wpływ na
In the Junius Pamphlet (1916) Luxemburg invoked Engels for the alternative ‘transition to socialism or regression into barbarism’, a wording scholars trace rather to Kautsky (1892). R. Luxemburg, Die Krise der Sozialdemokratie (Junius-Broschüre, written 1915, publ. 1916); K. Kautsky, Das Erfurter Programm (1892); I. Angus, “The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg’s Slogan ‘Socialism or Barbarism’”, Climate & Capitalism (2014)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Róża Luksemburg › 1871–1919
Aleksandra Kołłontaj
wpływ na
Kollontai took from Engels’ Origin of the Family (1884) the thesis that women’s subordination arose with private property (The Social Basis of the Woman Question, 1909). A. Kollontai, Social’nye osnovy ženskogo voprosa (1909); F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); R. Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia (1978)
Źródło: szkic AI
Aleksandra Kołłontaj › 1872–1952
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 2
Marianne Weber
krytyka ze strony
Marianne Weber rejected Engels’s scheme of an original communist, mother-right stage overturned by private property, seeing legitimate marriage as a contract protecting wives (Ehefrau und Mutter, 1907). Marianne Weber, Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung (1907); E. Höbenreich, “In the Red Light of Emotion”, Rivista di Diritto Romano 5 (2005)
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Marianne Weber › 1870–1954
Simone de Beauvoir
krytyka ze strony
Beauvoir objected that Engels never explains why private property should have meant women’s subjugation, reducing an existential situation to economics (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 3; F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
Źródło: szkic AI
Simone de Beauvoir › 1908–1986
Krytykuje 3
Adam Smith
krytykuje
Engels called Smith the ‘economic Luther’ whose liberal economics replaced open mercantilist greed with hypocrisy, leaving private property unquestioned (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844). F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1844)
Źródło: szkic AI
Adam Smith › 1723–1790
Immanuel Kant
krytykuje
Engels held that practice, experiment and industry refute Kant’s unknowable thing-in-itself: once chemistry produces alizarin, the thing-in-itself becomes a thing for us (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886), part II
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Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling
krytykuje
Attending Schelling’s Berlin lectures, the young Engels defended Hegel against him and attacked his philosophy of revelation for subordinating reason to faith (Schelling und die Offenbarung, 1842). F. Engels, “Schelling über Hegel”, Telegraph für Deutschland (1841); Schelling und die Offenbarung (1842)
Źródło: szkic AI
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling › 1775–1854
Dzieła
Reportaż społeczny z Manchesteru i innych angielskich miast przemysłowych, oparty na własnych obserwacjach Engelsa i oficjalnych raportach.
Widmo krąży po Europie.
Stanowisko
Engels’ first major work was a vivid report on the misery of the industrial working class in England, an early classic of empirical social research. Together with Marx he wrote the Communist Manifesto and developed historical materialism. Already in Marx’s lifetime, in Anti-Dühring (1877–78, with a chapter by Marx) and in the unfinished Dialectics of Nature (written mainly 1873–83, published 1925), he presented dialectics as general laws of nature, history and thought, laying the ground for later “dialectical materialism”. After Marx’s death he did much to systematise and popularise their thought; in The Origin of the Family (1884) he linked the rise of private property and the state to the subordination of women. His accessible versions became the Marxism of the socialist parties of his day – and were later criticised as too schematic.
Życie i kontekst
Son of a textile manufacturer from Barmen, Engels was sent to the family firm in Manchester, where he saw industrial poverty at first hand. From 1844 he was Marx’s closest collaborator and for decades supported him financially from his work in the business. After Marx’s death he edited the second and third volumes of Capital and became the leading voice of international socialism.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)
- The Communist Manifesto, with Marx (1848)
- Anti-Dühring (1878)
- The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884)
- Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886)
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