恩斯特·卡西尔
人是制造符号的动物：我们从不赤裸地遇到实在，而总是通过神话、语言、艺术和科学。
定位
马堡学派的新康德主义者：人是“符号的动物”（animal symbolicum），在神话、语言、艺术和科学中建构一个世界。
核心思想
- 符号形式
- 符号的动物（animal symbolicum）
- 文化哲学
学生: 汉斯·赖欣巴哈
影响
受影响于 8
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
受其影响
Cassirer’s first book reconstructed Leibniz’s system from its mathematical and scientific foundations (Leibniz’ System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, 1902); he also edited Leibniz’s main writings (1904–06). E. Cassirer, Leibniz’ System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen (1902); G. W. Leibniz, Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung der Philosophie, ed. E. Cassirer (1904–06); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
Cassirer, trained in Marburg Neo-Kantianism, widened Kant’s critique of reason into a critique of culture covering myth, language and science (Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, 1923–29). E. Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I–III (1923–29); Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff (1910); Kants Leben und Lehre (1918); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德
受其影响
Cassirer read Herder’s theory of the origin of language from reflection (Besonnenheit) as a forerunner of his philosophy of symbolic forms (Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I, 1923). E. Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I: Die Sprache (1923); Die Philosophie der Aufklärung (1932); J. G. Herder, Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (1772); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德 › 1744–1803
赫尔曼·科恩 师从
师从
Having learnt of Cohen’s writings from Simmel, Cassirer studied with Cohen at Marburg from 1896 to 1899 and took his doctorate there with a dissertation on Descartes’ analysis of mathematical and scientific knowledge. SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
赫尔曼·科恩 › 1842–1918
雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔
受其影响
Cassirer adopted Uexküll’s functional circle of receptor and effector systems and added a ‘symbolic system’ to define the human being as animal symbolicum (An Essay on Man, 1944). E. Cassirer, An Essay on Man (1944); J. von Uexküll, Theoretische Biologie (1920); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔 › 1864–1944
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
受其影响
Cassirer interpreted Einstein’s relativity as confirming the critical idea that physical objectivity rests on invariant relations, not substances; Einstein read the manuscript (Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie, 1921). E. Cassirer, Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie. Erkenntnistheoretische Betrachtungen (1921); T. Ryckman, The Reign of Relativity (2005); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 › 1879–1955
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保罗·那托尔卜 师从
师从
Cassirer studied at Marburg from 1896 under Cohen and Natorp and took his doctorate there in 1899. J. M. Krois, Kurzbiographie Cassirer (Universität Hamburg, digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de); Mathematics Genealogy Project lists Cohen and Natorp as advisors
依据: AI 草稿
保罗·那托尔卜 › 1854–1924
阿比·瓦尔堡
受其影响
Cassirer worked from 1920 in Warburg’s library, published studies on myth in its series (Die Begriffsform im mythischen Denken, 1922) and dedicated Individuum und Kosmos (1927) to Warburg. E. Cassirer, Die Begriffsform im mythischen Denken (Studien der Bibliothek Warburg 1, 1922); Sprache und Mythos (1925); Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance (1927); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
阿比·瓦尔堡 › 1866–1929
影响了 2
汉斯·赖欣巴哈 教过
教过
Reichenbach studied physics, philosophy and mathematics in Berlin, Munich and Göttingen with, among others, Cassirer, Planck, Sommerfeld and Hilbert; his doctorate (Erlangen, 1915) was accepted by Paul Hensel, not Cassirer. Course attendance, not supervision. SEP “Hans Reichenbach”
依据: AI 草稿
汉斯·赖欣巴哈 › 1891–1953
苏珊·K. 朗格
影响了
Langer took from Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms the idea of humans as symbol-making animals (Philosophy in a New Key, 1942) and translated his Language and Myth (1946). S. K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key (1942); E. Cassirer, Language and Myth, tr. S. K. Langer (1946)
依据: AI 草稿
苏珊·K. 朗格 › 1895–1985
批评
相互批评 1
马丁·海德格尔 ⇄ 相互
批评了
At Davos (1929) and in a review of Heidegger’s Kant book (1931) Cassirer objected that Heidegger reduced Kant’s reason to finite imagination, neglecting objective and ethical validity. E. Cassirer, ‘Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik’, Kant-Studien 36 (1931); P. E. Gordon, Continental Divide: Heidegger, Cassirer, Davos, 2010
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
At Davos (1929) Heidegger rejected Cassirer’s neo-Kantian reading of Kant as a theory of knowledge and culture, stressing human finitude (Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik, 1929). Davoser Disputation (1929), appendix to M. Heidegger, Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (4th ed. 1973); Heidegger, review of Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen II, Deutsche Literaturzeitung (1928); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976
批评了 1
阿蒂尔·德·戈比诺
批评了
Cassirer traced in Gobineau’s racial theory a modern political myth that replaced ethics and history with the worship of race (The Myth of the State, 1946, ch. 16). E. Cassirer, The Myth of the State (1946), ch. 16 ‘From Hero Worship to Race Worship’
依据: AI 草稿
阿蒂尔·德·戈比诺 › 1816–1882
作品
立场
Cassirer began as a Neo-Kantian historian of science, showing how modern physics replaced the idea of substance with relations and functions. He then widened Kant’s question: we do not only know the world through science but shape it in many “symbolic forms” – myth, language, art, religion and science each build a world of meaning in their own way. The human being is therefore best defined not as a rational animal but as an “animal symbolicum.” In the famous Davos debate of 1929 he defended this humanism of culture against Heidegger. In exile he turned to the political myths of his time, above all the myth of the state.
生平与背景
Cassirer was born in 1874 in Breslau into a wealthy Jewish merchant family and studied with Hermann Cohen in Marburg. After years as a lecturer in Berlin he became professor at the new University of Hamburg in 1919 and later its rector. In 1933 he left Germany, teaching in Oxford, Gothenburg and finally Yale and Columbia. He died in New York in 1945.
其他主要作品
- Substance and Function (1910)
- The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (1923–1929)
- An Essay on Man (1944)
- The Myth of the State (1946)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘国家社会主义时期的哲学’ · 第 4 站，共 10 站
- 争论 ‘卡西尔与海德格尔在达沃斯’
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