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迷途之光——因其作为种族主义意识形态鼓吹者的影响而列入星图，作为批判的对象。

阿蒂尔·德·戈比诺

1816–1882

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在戈比诺看来，“种族”决定文明的命运，“混血”导致文明衰落——这一学说毫无科学依据，今天作为种族主义意识形态的来源而被研究。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 西欧 · 社会与历史, 政治与法

法国外交官与作家，他的《人种不平等论》（1853—1855年）声称种族决定历史、文明因“混血”而衰落——这一学说毫无科学依据，却成为种族主义意识形态的奠基文本；作为批判对象列入本图。

核心思想

  • 种族是历史的所谓动力（已被驳倒）
  • 因“混血”而衰落（种族主义学说）
  • 悲观的贵族式历史哲学
  • 在瓦格纳圈子和德国的接受

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影响

影响了 1

  • 休斯顿·斯图尔特·张伯伦

    影响了

    Chamberlain took up Gobineau’s racial doctrine in Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) but rejected his pessimism about racial mixing; scholarship treats both as pseudoscientific race ideology. H. S. Chamberlain, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (1899); G. G. Field, Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1981)

    依据: AI 草稿

    休斯顿·斯图尔特·张伯伦 › 1855–1927

批评

受批评于 6

  • 亚历克西·德·托克维尔

    受其批评

    Tocqueville wrote to Gobineau that his racial doctrines were probably false and certainly pernicious, a fatalism that denies human freedom (letter of 17 November 1853). Tocqueville to Gobineau, 17 Nov. 1853, in Œuvres complètes IX (Correspondance d’Alexis de Tocqueville et d’Arthur de Gobineau, 1959)

    依据: AI 草稿

    亚历克西·德·托克维尔 › 1805–1859

  • 安特诺尔·菲尔曼

    受其批评

    Firmin answered Gobineau’s Essai with De l’égalité des races humaines (1885), arguing with the methods of positive anthropology for the equal capacities of all human beings. A. Firmin, De l’égalité des races humaines. Anthropologie positive (1885); A. de Gobineau, Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines (1853–55)

    依据: AI 草稿

    安特诺尔·菲尔曼 › 1850–1911

  • 恩斯特·卡西尔

    受其批评

    Cassirer traced in Gobineau’s racial theory a modern political myth that replaced ethics and history with the worship of race (The Myth of the State, 1946, ch. 16). E. Cassirer, The Myth of the State (1946), ch. 16 ‘From Hero Worship to Race Worship’

    依据: AI 草稿

    恩斯特·卡西尔 › 1874–1945

  • 格奥尔格·卢卡奇

    受其批评

    Lukács read Gobineau’s Essay on the Inequality of Human Races as founding the racial theory that fed into fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII

    依据: AI 草稿

    格奥尔格·卢卡奇 › 1885–1971

  • 汉娜·阿伦特

    受其批评

    Arendt analysed Gobineau as an aristocratic theorist of decline whose race-thinking, before racism proper, later became a weapon of racist politics (The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951, ch. 6). H. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), part II, ch. 6 “Race-Thinking before Racism”

    依据: AI 草稿

    汉娜·阿伦特 › 1906–1975

  • 克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯

    受其批评

    Against Gobineau’s doctrine of unequal races Lévi-Strauss set the diversity of cultures, whose progress arises from exchange and collaboration between them (Race et histoire, UNESCO, 1952). C. Lévi-Strauss, Race et histoire (UNESCO, 1952), ch. 1 and conclusion

    依据: AI 草稿

    克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009

作品

  • 1853人种不平等论

    四卷本（1853—1855年），声称文明的兴衰由种族决定、“混血”导致衰落；此书毫无科学依据，却成为种族主义意识形态的奠基文本。

立场

Gobineau is on the map as an ideologue, not because his theory is defensible – it is scientifically refuted – but because research treats it as an influential source of racist thought. The Essay claimed that the rise and fall of civilisations is decided by race, that the “white race” and especially an “Aryan” branch had created all higher civilisation, and that “mixing” leads unavoidably to decline. The book was a pessimistic, aristocratic philosophy of history directed against democracy rather than a programme of conquest; it found little response in France. Tocqueville, his former superior, wrote to him in 1853 that his doctrines were probably false and certainly pernicious, because they deny human freedom. The Haitian anthropologist Anténor Firmin answered with “The Equality of the Human Races” (1885). In Germany the Wagner circle, Schemann and later Houston Stewart Chamberlain made Gobineau a reference of völkisch race theory, and National Socialist authors claimed him while dropping his pessimism. Hannah Arendt (1951) analysed him in her prehistory of totalitarian race-thinking; Claude Lévi-Strauss’s UNESCO essay “Race and History” (1952) set the diversity of cultures against him.

生平与背景

Joseph Arthur de Gobineau was born on 14 July 1816 in Ville-d’Avray near Paris into a family of royalist officers and spent part of his youth in Switzerland and Brittany. From 1835 he lived in Paris as a journalist and writer. In 1849, when Alexis de Tocqueville was foreign minister, Gobineau became his chief of staff, and through him entered the diplomatic service. He served in Bern, Hanover and Frankfurt, twice in Persia (1855–58 and 1862–63), in Athens, in Rio de Janeiro, where he befriended Emperor Pedro II, and finally as minister in Stockholm (1872–77). Besides the “Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races” (1853–55) he wrote travel books on Persia, a study of religions in Central Asia, novels and novellas such as “Les Pléiades” (1874) and the “Nouvelles asiatiques” (1876). Forced into retirement in 1877, he lived mostly in Italy; in his last years he was close to Richard Wagner and stayed in Bayreuth. He died in Turin on 13 October 1882. In 1894 Ludwig Schemann founded a Gobineau Society in Germany and translated the Essay into German.

其他主要作品

  • Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines, 1853–55)
  • Three Years in Asia (Trois ans en Asie, 1859)
  • Religions and Philosophies in Central Asia (Les religions et les philosophies dans l’Asie centrale, 1865)
  • The Pleiads (Les Pléiades, novel, 1874)
  • Asian Stories (Nouvelles asiatiques, 1876)
  • The Renaissance (La Renaissance, 1877)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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