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Isaiah Berlin

1909–1997

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Pozostawienie w spokoju i panowanie nad sobą to dwa różne rodzaje wolności, a ten drugi można wykrzywić w zmuszanie ludzi do bycia wolnymi; dobre wartości mogą naprawdę ze sobą kolidować.

Umiejscowienie

Filozofia polityczna i etyka (XX–XXI w.) · Europa Północna · Polityka i prawo, Etyka, Społeczeństwo i historia

Urodzony w Rydze oksfordzki historyk idei: wolność negatywną (wolność od ingerencji) trzeba odróżniać od wolności pozytywnej (panowania nad sobą), którą można przekształcić w licencję na przymus; wartości ludzkie są liczne i mogą naprawdę się ze sobą ścierać.

Kluczowe idee

  • Dwie koncepcje wolności
  • Pluralizm wartości
  • Jeż i lis
  • Kontroświecenie

Uczniowie: Charles Taylor

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 4

  • Giambattista Vico

    pod wpływem

    Berlin read Vico as the discoverer of a distinct kind of historical understanding: knowing from within what humans themselves have made (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); G. Vico, Scienza nuova (1725; 1744)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Giambattista Vico › 1668–1744

  • Johann Gottfried Herder

    pod wpływem

    Berlin read Herder as a founder of cultural pluralism and expressionism, for whom each culture has its own centre of gravity (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); Three Critics of the Enlightenment (2000)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Johann Gottfried Herder › 1744–1803

  • John Stuart Mill

    pod wpływem

    Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    John Stuart Mill › 1806–1873

  • Aleksander Hercen

    pod wpływem

    Berlin presented Herzen as a forerunner of pluralism who refused to sacrifice living people to historical abstractions (‘Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty’, 1955; Russian Thinkers, 1978). I. Berlin, “Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty” (1955); “Alexander Herzen” (1956); Russian Thinkers (1978)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Aleksander Hercen › 1812–1870

Wpływ na 1

  • John Rawls

    wpływ na

    Rawls attended Berlin’s seminars in Oxford (1952–53) and later adopted his view that no social world can realise all values without loss (Political Liberalism, 1993). J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993); I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); T. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (2007)

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    John Rawls › 1921–2002

Krytyka

Krytyka ze strony 1

  • Charles Taylor uczeń/uczennica

    uczeń/uczennica

    Taylor wrote his Oxford DPhil (1961) under Isaiah Berlin’s supervision; it became The Explanation of Behaviour (1964). He later contributed ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’ (1979) to Berlin’s Festschrift. R. Abbey, Charles Taylor (2000); C. Taylor, The Explanation of Behaviour (1964)

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    krytyka ze strony

    Taylor argued against Berlin that freedom is not an ‘opportunity concept’ but an ‘exercise concept’ requiring us to discriminate among our motivations (‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’, 1979). C. Taylor, “What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty”, in A. Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (1979)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Charles Taylor › ur. 1931

Krytykuje 4

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    krytykuje

    Berlin saw in Rousseau’s general will, which can ‘force’ a citizen ‘to be free’, a source of positive liberty turned into coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), I.7

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau › 1712–1778

  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte

    krytykuje

    Berlin counted Fichte among the ‘enemies of human liberty’: his true self, merged with the nation, made positive liberty a licence for coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Johann Gottlieb Fichte › 1762–1814

  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

    krytykuje

    Berlin held that Hegel’s identification of freedom with understanding rational necessity, embodied in the state, turned positive liberty into a justification of coercion (‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, 1958). I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831

  • Karol Marks

    krytykuje

    Berlin rejected the historical determinism he found in Marx, which dissolves individual choice and responsibility into impersonal historical forces (‘Historical Inevitability’, 1954). I. Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Auguste Comte Memorial Lecture, 1954); Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Karol Marks › 1818–1883

Dzieła

  • 1953Jeż i lis

    Esej o poglądzie Tołstoja na historię: lis wie wiele rzeczy, jeż jedną wielką – Tołstoj był lisem, który chciał być jeżem.

  • 1958Dwie koncepcje wolności

    Wykład inauguracyjny w Oksfordzie: wolność negatywna jako wolność od ingerencji, wolność pozytywna jako panowanie nad sobą – i jak ta druga może uzasadniać przymus.

Stanowisko

Berlin began among the Oxford philosophers of language and turned to the history of ideas. His biography of Karl Marx (1939) was followed by essays on Russian thinkers, on the Enlightenment and on its critics – Vico, Herder, Hamann and de Maistre, whom he called the Counter-Enlightenment. “Historical Inevitability” (1954) attacked theories of history that excuse individuals from responsibility. His Oxford inaugural lecture, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958), distinguished negative liberty, the area within which a person is left alone by others, from positive liberty, being one’s own master. He argued that the second idea, through talk of a “true” or “higher” self, has repeatedly been used to justify coercing people for their own good, and he traced this in Rousseau, Fichte, Hegel and Marx. Behind this stood his value pluralism: human values such as liberty, equality, justice and mercy are many, are not reducible to one another and can genuinely conflict, so that no political order can realise them all. Charles Taylor, whom he supervised, criticised his defence of negative liberty, and others questioned whether value pluralism supports liberalism at all. The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953), an essay on Tolstoy, made his distinction between thinkers with one system and thinkers of many things widely known.

Życie i kontekst

Isaiah Berlin was born in 1909 in Riga into a Russian-Jewish family of timber merchants. As a child he saw the revolutions of 1917 in Petrograd; the family left in 1920 and settled in Britain in 1921. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1932 was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls. During the war he worked for British Information Services in New York and at the embassy in Washington, whose weekly political reports he drafted, and in 1945 he met the poet Anna Akhmatova in Leningrad. From 1957 to 1967 he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, and he was the founding president of Wolfson College, Oxford. He was knighted in 1957, received the Order of Merit in 1971 and died in Oxford in 1997.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
  • The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953)
  • Historical Inevitability (1954)
  • Two Concepts of Liberty (1958)
  • Vico and Herder (1976)
  • Russian Thinkers (1978)
  • The Crooked Timber of Humanity (1990)

Źródła: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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