György Lukács
W kapitalizmie stosunki ludzkie jawią się jako stosunki między rzeczami, a tylko klasa robotnicza, widząc całość, może złamać to zaklęcie.
Umiejscowienie
„Historia i świadomość klasowa”: urzeczowienie jako podstawowa forma społeczeństwa kapitalistycznego.
Kluczowe idee
- Urzeczowienie
- Świadomość klasowa
Nauczyciele: Georg Simmel
Uczniowie: Agnes Heller
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 7
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
pod wpływem
Lukács read Marx through Hegel’s categories of totality and subject–object identity in History and Class Consciousness (1923), later tracing Hegel’s economics in The Young Hegel (1948). G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); Der junge Hegel. Über die Beziehungen von Dialektik und Ökonomie (written 1938, publ. 1948); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel › 1770–1831
Karol Marks
pod wpływem
Lukács built his theory of reification on Marx’s account of commodity fetishism, extending it to bureaucracy, law and thought (‘Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat’, 1923). G. Lukács, “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, in Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
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Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Wilhelm Dilthey
pod wpływem
In his 1962 preface to The Theory of the Novel (1916) Lukács traced its method to Dilthey’s Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905) and the Geisteswissenschaften. G. Lukács, Die Theorie des Romans (1916; book 1920), preface (1962); W. Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905)
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Wilhelm Dilthey › 1833–1911
Georg Simmel nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka)
Lukács attended Simmel’s private seminar in Berlin (1906–07 and 1909–10); in History and Class Consciousness (1923) he still drew on Simmel’s Philosophie des Geldes while criticising it. SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”; G. Lukács, “Georg Simmel” (1918)
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Georg Simmel › 1858–1918
Max Weber
pod wpływem
In his reification essay (1923) Lukács drew on Weber’s analysis of calculable, rational bureaucracy and law to show how commodity form shapes modern institutions. G. Lukács, “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, in Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1922)
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Max Weber › 1864–1920
Róża Luksemburg
pod wpływem
In History and Class Consciousness (1923) Lukács praised Luxemburg’s Accumulation of Capital for its standpoint of totality while criticising her views on party organisation and the Russian Revolution. G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923), “Die Marxistin Rosa Luxemburg” and “Kritische Bemerkungen über Rosa Luxemburgs ‚Kritik der russischen Revolution‘”
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Róża Luksemburg › 1871–1919
Emil Lask
pod wpływem
Lukács’s early philosophy of art in Heidelberg rests on a neo-Kantian framework in which Lask’s influence is especially strong. SEP “Georg Lukács” (T. Stahl, rev. 2023), §1 and §2.2, citing Kavoulakos 2014
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Emil Lask › 1875–1915
Wpływ na 7
Walter Benjamin
wpływ na ✓
Benjamin read History and Class Consciousness (1923) on Capri in 1924 and wrote to Scholem that Lukács reached epistemological positions partly close to his own. W. Benjamin, letter to G. Scholem (Sept. 1924), in Briefe (1966); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923)
Walter Benjamin › 1892–1940
Karl Mannheim
wpływ na
A member of Lukács’s Sunday Circle, Mannheim took up History and Class Consciousness (1923) on class-bound thought, generalising it into a sociology of knowledge (Ideologie und Utopie, 1929). K. Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie (1929); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); D. Kettler, V. Meja and N. Stehr, Karl Mannheim (1984); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
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Karl Mannheim › 1893–1947
Paulo Freire
wpływ na
In Pedagogy of the Oppressed (ch. 1) Freire took up Lukács’s demand, in his book on Lenin (1924), that the party “explain to the masses their own action” – but as dialogue with the people rather than explanation to them. P. Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1968; English 1970), ch. 1; G. Lukács, Lenin (1924)
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Paulo Freire › 1921–1997
Karel Kosík
wpływ na
Kosík took from History and Class Consciousness (1923) the category of concrete totality, setting it against atomism and empty, abstract totalities (Dialectics of the Concrete, 1963). K. Kosík, Dialektika konkrétního (1963); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923)
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Karel Kosík › 1926–2003
Jürgen Habermas
wpływ na ✓
Habermas reconstructed Lukács’ theory of reification as a reading of Weber’s rationalisation and recast it as the colonisation of the lifeworld (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. I, “Von Lukács zu Adorno: Rationalisierung als Verdinglichung”; vol. II
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Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026
Agnes Heller uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica ✓
Heller studied with Lukács in Budapest from 1947, became his assistant and doctoral student (doctorate 1955) and a central member of the ‘Budapest School’ around him. J. Grumley, Agnes Heller: A Moralist in the Vortex of History (2005); A. Heller, Der Affe auf dem Fahrrad (1999)
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Agnes Heller › 1929–2019
Sandra Harding
wpływ na
Harding drew on Lukács’s claim that the proletariat’s position allows insight closed to the bourgeoisie as a model for feminist standpoint theory (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
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Sandra Harding › 1935–2025
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Theodor Adorno wpływ na
wpływ na
In ‘The Idea of Natural History’ (lecture, 1932) Adorno took up Lukács’ concept of ‘second nature’ from The Theory of the Novel, reading it with Benjamin’s allegory. T. W. Adorno, “Die Idee der Naturgeschichte” (lecture 1932, printed 1973); G. Lukács, Die Theorie des Romans (1916); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
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krytyka ze strony
Adorno charged that Lukács’ ‘extorted reconciliation’ with socialist realism measures art by party doctrine and dismisses modernist works as decadent (‘Erpreßte Versöhnung’, Der Monat, 1958). T. W. Adorno, “Erpreßte Versöhnung”, Der Monat 11 (1958), on G. Lukács, Wider den mißverstandenen Realismus (1958)
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Theodor Adorno › 1903–1969
Krytykuje 5
Immanuel Kant
krytykuje
Lukács read Kant’s unknowable thing-in-itself and the split between form and content as antinomies of bourgeois thought rooted in reification (History and Class Consciousness, 1923). G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923), “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, part II
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Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Arthur de Gobineau
krytykuje
Lukács read Gobineau’s Essay on the Inequality of Human Races as founding the racial theory that fed into fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII
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Arthur de Gobineau › 1816–1882
Friedrich Nietzsche
krytykuje
Lukács read Nietzsche as the founder of the irrationalism of the imperialist period, which prepared the ground for fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. III). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. III (“Nietzsche als Begründer des Irrationalismus der imperialistischen Periode”)
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Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
krytykuje
Lukács placed Chamberlain’s Foundations of the Nineteenth Century in the line of racial theory from Gobineau to fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII (“Der Sozialdarwinismus, die Rassentheorie und der Faschismus”)
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Houston Stewart Chamberlain › 1855–1927
Alfred Baeumler
krytykuje
Lukács treated Baeumler’s heroic-political reading of Nietzsche (Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker, 1931) as an example of the fascist appropriation of irrationalism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954); A. Baeumler, Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker (1931)
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Alfred Baeumler › 1887–1968
Dzieła
Urzeczowienie i proletariat jako podmiot-przedmiot historii.
Stanowisko
Lukács gave Marxism a philosophical depth that drew on Hegel and Max Weber. His central concept is reification: under capitalism relations between people take on the form of relations between things, so that society appears as a second nature governed by impersonal laws. This affects not only economics but science, law and everyday consciousness. Only the proletariat, he argued, can see through this illusion, because in it the commodity form becomes conscious of itself. History and Class Consciousness was condemned by party orthodoxy but became a founding text of Western Marxism and the Frankfurt School. He also wrote major works on the novel, realism and aesthetics.
Życie i kontekst
Lukács came from a wealthy Jewish banking family in Budapest and moved in Max Weber’s circle in Heidelberg. In 1918 he joined the Communist Party and served in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic. Decades of exile in Vienna, Berlin and Moscow followed; back in Budapest he was a minister in Imre Nagy’s government in 1956 and was briefly deported afterwards.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Soul and Form (1911)
- The Theory of the Novel (1920)
- History and Class Consciousness (1923)
- The Destruction of Reason (1954)
- The Specificity of the Aesthetic (1963)
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