Will-o'-the-wisp – on the map because of their influence as an ideologue of racism, as an object of critique.
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Według Chamberlaina historia Europy była walką między ludami „germańskimi” a Żydami – antysemicką konstrukcją, która przygotowała ideologię narodowosocjalistyczną.
Umiejscowienie
Urodzony w Wielkiej Brytanii pisarz w Wiedniu i Bayreuth, zięć Richarda Wagnera, którego „Podstawy dziewiętnastego wieku” (1899) rozpowszechniły wśród niemieckiej publiczności wykształconej antysemicki rasowy obraz dziejów; w 1923 roku powitał Hitlera; na mapie jako przedmiot krytyki.
Kluczowe idee
- Rasowy antysemityzm jako filozofia dziejów (obalone)
- „Germańskie” ludy kontra Żydzi (konstrukt ideologiczny)
- Krąg bayreuthski
- Prekursor ideologii narodowosocjalistycznej
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 1
Arthur de Gobineau
pod wpływem
Chamberlain took up Gobineau’s racial doctrine in Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) but rejected his pessimism about racial mixing; scholarship treats both as pseudoscientific race ideology. H. S. Chamberlain, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (1899); G. G. Field, Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1981)
Źródło: szkic AI
Arthur de Gobineau › 1816–1882
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
György Lukács
krytyka ze strony
Lukács placed Chamberlain’s Foundations of the Nineteenth Century in the line of racial theory from Gobineau to fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII (“Der Sozialdarwinismus, die Rassentheorie und der Faschismus”)
Źródło: szkic AI
György Lukács › 1885–1971
Dzieła
Rozległe ujęcie historii Europy jako walki między ludami „germańskimi” a Żydami; bestseller wśród wykształconej publiczności i źródło ideologii narodowosocjalistycznej.
Stanowisko
Chamberlain is on the map as an ideologue, because research on antisemitism and National Socialism treats him as one of its most effective forerunners. The Foundations presented European history as a struggle between “Germanic” peoples, as bearers of culture, and Jews, described as a racially foreign and destructive force; Christianity was reinterpreted to make Jesus a non-Jew. Chamberlain combined borrowings from Gobineau, Darwinian vocabulary and an idealist philosophy of culture, and claimed Kant and Goethe for his view – claims that the scholarship on both rejects. The book’s success among the educated public and its use by Alfred Rosenberg, whose “Myth of the Twentieth Century” (1930) continued it, made it a link between the völkisch movement of the Empire and National Socialism. Geoffrey G. Field’s biography “Evangelist of Race” (1981) traces this path; Georg Lukács (1954) placed him in the line from Gobineau to fascism.
Życie i kontekst
Houston Stewart Chamberlain was born on 9 September 1855 in Southsea near Portsmouth, the son of a British naval officer. He grew up mainly in France with relatives, attended Cheltenham College and studied natural sciences in Geneva. Through his enthusiasm for Richard Wagner he moved to Germany and Austria: he lived in Dresden from 1885 and in Vienna from 1889, wrote on Wagner and in 1899 published “The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century”, which went through many editions and was promoted by Emperor Wilhelm II. Books on Kant (1905) and Goethe (1912) followed. In 1908 he married Wagner’s daughter Eva and settled in Bayreuth. During the First World War he wrote anti-British propaganda and became a German citizen in 1916. In September 1923 he met Adolf Hitler in Bayreuth and soon afterwards wrote to him that his appearance proved Germany was still alive. Paralysed in his last years, he died in Bayreuth on 9 January 1927; Hitler attended the funeral.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Richard Wagner (1895)
- The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1899)
- Immanuel Kant (1905)
- Goethe (1912)
- War Essays (Kriegsaufsätze, 1914–15)
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