जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड
आत्म जन्म से दिया नहीं जाता बल्कि तब उभरता है जब हम सामाजिक अंतःक्रिया में दूसरों की आँखों से स्वयं को देखना सीखते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
आत्म सामाजिक अंतःक्रिया से उभरता है: “मैं” (I) और “मुझे” (Me)।
मुख्य विचार
- I और Me
- सार्थक प्रतीक
- प्रतीकात्मक अंतःक्रियावाद (उनके शिष्य ब्लूमर द्वारा नामित)
गुरु: विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई
शिष्य: हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mead lectured on Hegel in Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936); A. Honneth reads his social self as a naturalised version of Hegel’s recognition (1992). G. H. Mead, Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936); A. Honneth, Kampf um Anerkennung (1992); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
चार्ल्स डार्विन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mead started his account of the ‘conversation of gestures’ from Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions (1872), reading gestures socially rather than as expression (Mind, Self, and Society, 1934). G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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चार्ल्स डार्विन › 1809–1882
विल्हेम वुण्ट
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
During his study in Germany (1888–91) Mead immersed himself in Wundt’s research and took over his account of the gesture. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1 and §2
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विल्हेम वुण्ट › 1832–1920
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Mead took two courses with Dilthey during his study in Germany. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1
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विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई › 1833–1911
विलियम जेम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mead met William James at Harvard in 1887–88 and tutored his son, but did not study with him; his distinction between the “I” and the “me” takes up James’s analysis of the self in The Principles of Psychology (1890). SEP “George Herbert Mead”; W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), ch. 10; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
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विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
जॉन डुई
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mead, Dewey’s colleague in Michigan and Chicago from 1891, built on Dewey’s critique of the reflex arc (1896) in developing his theory of the social act. J. Dewey, “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology” (1896); G. H. Mead, The Philosophy of the Act (1938); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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जॉन डुई › 1859–1952
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Blumer studied with Mead at Chicago (PhD 1928) and took over his course in social psychology in 1931, when Mead fell ill; he coined the term ‘symbolic interactionism’ (1937) for the approach he drew from Mead. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969), ch. 1
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हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर › 1900–1987
सी. राइट मिल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mills drew on Mead’s social behaviourism to treat motives as socially learned vocabularies that actors use in situations (‘Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive’, 1940). C. W. Mills, “Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive”, American Sociological Review 5 (1940); H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, Character and Social Structure (1953)
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सी. राइट मिल्स › 1916–1962
इरविंग गोफमैन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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इरविंग गोफमैन › 1922–1982
थॉमस लकमान
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
With Berger, Luckmann took over Mead’s account of socialisation through significant others and the ‘generalized other’, internalising society’s roles and norms (The Social Construction of Reality, 1966). P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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थॉमस लकमान › 1927–2016
पीटर एल. बर्गर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Berger grounded his view of identity as socially bestowed, sustained and transformed in Mead’s account of the self formed by taking others’ roles (Invitation to Sociology, 1963). P. L. Berger, Invitation to Sociology (1963), “Society in Man”; SEP “George Herbert Mead”
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पीटर एल. बर्गर › 1929–2017
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Habermas saw in Mead’s theory of symbolically mediated interaction the paradigm shift from purposive to communicative action (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II, “Der Paradigmenwechsel bei Mead und Durkheim”; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
एक्सेल होनेथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Honneth read Mead’s social psychology as a naturalistic transformation of the young Hegel’s theory of recognition, grounding self-relation in the perspective of others (Kampf um Anerkennung, 1992). A. Honneth, Kampf um Anerkennung (1992); G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934); SEP “Recognition”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एक्सेल होनेथ › जन्म 1949
कृतियाँ
- 1934मन, आत्म और समाज
आत्म दूसरे की भूमिका ग्रहण करने से उभरता है।
मत
Mead explained how the self arises in social interaction. We are not born with a self; we acquire it by learning to take the attitude of others towards ourselves – first in play, when the child takes on individual roles, then in the game, when it grasps the rules of the whole group, the “generalised other”. Language, as a system of significant symbols, makes this possible. Within the self Mead distinguished the spontaneous, creative “I” from the “me”, the internalised attitudes of the community. His ideas became the basis of symbolic interactionism in sociology and influenced Habermas and Honneth.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Mead studied at Oberlin and Harvard and spent several years in Leipzig and Berlin. From 1894 until his death he taught at the University of Chicago alongside Dewey. He published little in his lifetime; his main works were compiled by his students from lecture notes after his death.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Philosophy of the Present (1932)
- Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
- Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936)
- The Philosophy of the Act (1938)
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