ख़ोसे ओर्तेगा इ गासेत
मैं मैं हूँ और मेरा परिवेश: मूल यथार्थ हर व्यक्ति का अपना जीवन है, और तर्क को जीवनीय और ऐतिहासिक होना चाहिए, मनुष्यों को उसके द्वारा समझते हुए जो उन्होंने जिया और किया, क्योंकि हर जीवन संसार को अपने दृष्टिकोण से देखता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
मैड्रिड के दार्शनिक और निबंधकार जिन्होंने अपना चिंतन “मैं मैं हूँ और मेरी परिस्थिति” में समेटा: जीवन, जिसमें बाकी सब प्रकट होता है, मूलभूत वास्तविकता है, और तर्क को “प्राणवान” और ऐतिहासिक होना चाहिए; उन्होंने “रेविस्ता दे ऑक्सिदेंते” की स्थापना की और आधुनिक जन-समाज का विश्लेषण किया।
मुख्य विचार
- मैं मैं हूँ और मेरी परिस्थिति
- प्राणवान और ऐतिहासिक तर्क
- दृष्टिकोणवाद
- जन-मनुष्य
गुरु: हेर्मान कोहेन
शिष्य: शावियर सुबीरी, ख़ोसे गाओस, मारिया सांब्रानो
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
इब्न खल्दून
जिनसे प्रभावित
In “Ibn Khaldun reveals the secret” (El Sol 1927–28; El Espectador VIII, 1934) Ortega used Ibn Khaldun’s philosophy of history and his concept of asabiyya to explain the history of North Africa and Spain’s situation in Morocco. J. Ortega y Gasset, “Abenjaldún nos revela el secreto (Pensamientos sobre África Menor)”, El Sol 1927–28; El Espectador VIII (1934)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इब्न खल्दून › 1332–1406
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई
जिनसे प्रभावित
In ‘Wilhelm Dilthey and the Idea of Life’ (1933–34) Ortega found in Dilthey’s historical understanding of life a confirmation of his vital reason, which he had reached independently. J. Ortega y Gasset, “Guillermo Dilthey y la idea de la vida” (1933–34); SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई › 1833–1911
हेर्मान कोहेन जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
On a state grant Ortega went from Berlin to Marburg in 1907, where he studied Kant and the history of philosophy with Cohen and psychology and pedagogy with Natorp; he returned to Marburg in 1911. SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
हेर्मान कोहेन › 1842–1918
एडमुंड हुसल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Ortega took up Husserl’s phenomenology in 1913 (‘On the Concept of Sensation’) but soon moved beyond it to a philosophy of life (Meditations on Quixote, 1914). J. Ortega y Gasset, “Sobre el concepto de sensación” (1913); Meditaciones del Quijote (1914); SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
शावियर सुबीरी जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Zubiri took his doctorate in Madrid in 1921 under Ortega with a phenomenological theory of judgement (printed 1923) and in 1926 obtained the chair of history of philosophy there. J. Corominas & J. A. Vicens, Xavier Zubiri. La soledad sonora (2006)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शावियर सुबीरी › 1898–1983
ख़ोसे गाओस जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Gaos studied at the Central University of Madrid (licentiate 1923, doctorate 1928) as a disciple of Ortega and of Manuel García Morente; his thesis topic on Husserl’s critique of psychologism had Ortega’s approval, and in 1940 he wrote that he could not say how far his own thinking merely reproduced Ortega’s. A. Zirión Quijano, “José Gaos y González Pola”, Enciclopedia Electrónica de la Filosofía Mexicana (UAM); J. Gaos, Confesiones profesionales (1958)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे गाओस › 1900–1969
मारिया सांब्रानो जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Zambrano studied philosophy at the Central University of Madrid in the 1920s with Ortega, as well as with García Morente and Zubiri; she later developed her ‘poetic reason’ in dialogue with, and at a distance from, his ‘vital reason’. Her autobiographical Delirio y destino recounts these years. M. Zambrano, Delirio y destino (written 1952, printed 1989) (passage not checked)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मारिया सांब्रानो › 1904–1991
लेओपोल्दो सेया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Zea, a pupil of Ortega’s disciple Gaos, built his history of ideas on Ortega’s “I am I and my circumstance”: philosophy as reflection on one’s own historical circumstance, as in Positivism in Mexico (1943). L. Zea, El positivismo en México (1943); G. Bentivegna, “Zea, Ortega y Gasset y la circunstancia hispanoamericana”, Revista de Filosofía (Universidad Iberoamericana, 2017)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लेओपोल्दो सेया › 1912–2004
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Ortega rejected Unamuno’s defiant Hispanism – ‘let them invent’ – insisting that Spain must Europeanise through science (‘Unamuno y Europa, fábula’, 1909). J. Ortega y Gasset, “Unamuno y Europa, fábula”, El Imparcial, 1909; M. de Unamuno, “El pórtico del templo” (1906); SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो › 1864–1936
कृतियाँ
ओर्तेगा की पहली पुस्तक, जो “मैं मैं हूँ और मेरी परिस्थिति” सूत्रबद्ध करती है और अपनी परिस्थिति को समझकर उसे बचाने का आह्वान करती है।
- 1923द मॉडर्न थीम
प्राणवान तर्क और दृष्टिकोणवाद रखता है: हर जीवन संसार को एक अद्वितीय दृष्टिबिंदु से देखता है, और सत्य दृष्टिकोणों का समाकलन है।
- 1930जनता का विद्रोह
उस “जन-मनुष्य” के उदय का निदान जो दायित्व पहचाने बिना अधिकार माँगता है, और संयुक्त यूरोप के पक्ष में तर्क।
मत
Ortega is on the map as the central figure of 20th-century Spanish philosophy and the founder of what is called the School of Madrid. From neo-Kantianism and Husserl’s phenomenology he moved to a philosophy of life: the radical reality is my life, the dealings of an I with its circumstance, summed up in 1914 in the formula “I am I and my circumstance”. Against both rationalism and vitalism he set a “vital reason”, later a “historical reason” that understands human beings through the story of what they have done; his late reading of Dilthey confirmed this direction. His perspectivism holds that every life sees a true but partial aspect of reality. Ortega claimed to have anticipated themes of Heidegger’s “Being and Time”, a claim scholars assess in different ways. “The Revolt of the Masses” made him known internationally; it has been read as a liberal defence of standards and as an elitist critique of mass democracy. His students Xavier Zubiri, José Gaos and María Zambrano took his thought in different directions, and through Gaos it shaped the history of ideas in Mexico (Leopoldo Zea). Critics point to the essayistic, unsystematic form of much of his work. His public silence during the Civil War and his return to Franco’s Spain have been judged critically, for instance by Gregorio Morán (1998); he held no office under the regime.
जीवन और संदर्भ
José Ortega y Gasset was born on 9 May 1883 in Madrid into a family of journalists; his father edited the literary supplement of the newspaper “El Imparcial”. Educated by the Jesuits, he studied at Deusto and in Madrid, where he took his doctorate in 1904, and from 1905 to 1907 in Leipzig, Berlin and above all Marburg with the neo-Kantians Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. In 1910 he became professor of metaphysics at the University of Madrid. He wrote for the press throughout his life, helped found the daily “El Sol” in 1917 and in 1923 founded the “Revista de Occidente”, which published translations of German philosophy and science. In 1931 he co-founded the Group at the Service of the Republic and sat in the Constituent Cortes, but soon withdrew from politics. When the Civil War broke out in 1936 he left Spain and lived in Paris, the Netherlands, Argentina and from 1942 in Lisbon. From 1945 he spent time in Madrid again, where in 1948 he founded the Institute of Humanities with his student Julián Marías; he did not resume university teaching. In the 1950s he lectured in Germany, among other occasions at the Darmstadt colloquium of 1951, where Heidegger also spoke. He died in Madrid on 18 October 1955.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Meditations on Quixote (Meditaciones del Quijote, 1914)
- The Modern Theme (El tema de nuestro tiempo, 1923)
- The Dehumanization of Art (La deshumanización del arte, 1925)
- The Revolt of the Masses (La rebelión de las masas, 1930)
- Man and People (El hombre y la gente, posthumous, 1957)
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