أنتوني غيدنز
البنى الاجتماعية لا تقوم فوقنا – بل نُبقيها حيّة بأفعالنا اليومية، ويمكننا أن نغيّرها.
التموضع
تسعى نظريته في التشكيل البنيوي إلى تجاوز التعارض بين البنية والفعل: توجد البنى الاجتماعية فقط فيما يفعله الناس، وما يفعله الناس يعيد إنتاجها. وصار لاحقًا منظّر «الطريق الثالث».
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التشكيل البنيوي وازدواجية البنية
- الحداثة الانعكاسية
- العلاقة الخالصة
- الطريق الثالث
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 7
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ
Giddens kept Marx’s dictum that people make history, though not under conditions of their own choosing, but rejected his evolutionism (A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, 1981). A. Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (1981); The Constitution of Society (1984); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
إميل دوركايم
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Giddens read Durkheim, beside Marx and Weber, as a theorist of industrial society and its division of labour (Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 1971; Durkheim, 1978). A. Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971); Émile Durkheim: Selected Writings (ed., 1972); Durkheim (1978)
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إميل دوركايم › 1858–1917
ماكس فيبر
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Giddens interpreted Weber’s political sociology (1972) and drew on Weber’s state monopoly of violence for his theory of the nation-state (The Nation-State and Violence, 1985). A. Giddens, Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber (1972); The Nation-State and Violence (1985); Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ماكس فيبر › 1864–1920
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين
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Giddens took from Wittgenstein the view that knowing a rule means knowing how to go on, making practical consciousness central to structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
ألفريد شوتز
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Giddens took up Schutz’s stocks of knowledge as actors’ ‘mutual knowledge’ but objected that Schutz neglected power and unintended consequences of action (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ألفريد شوتز › 1899–1959
هارولد جارفينكل
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Giddens took from Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology the reflexive accountability of action, through which competent actors make conduct intelligible (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976; The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هارولد جارفينكل › 1917–2011
إرفنغ غوفمان
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Giddens treated Goffman as a systematic theorist of co-presence, using his analyses of encounters, front and back regions and tact in structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (1984); “Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist”, in P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (1988)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
إرفنغ غوفمان › 1922–1982
أثّر في 1
أندرياس ريكفيتس
أثّر في
Reckwitz studied social theory at Cambridge (MPhil 1994), where Giddens then taught; in “Toward a Theory of Social Practices” (2002) he counts Giddens’s theory of structuration among the versions of practice theory he builds on. A. Reckwitz, “Toward a Theory of Social Practices”, European Journal of Social Theory 5:2 (2002), 243–263; A. Reckwitz, Die Transformation der Kulturtheorien (2000)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أندرياس ريكفيتس › وُلد 1970
النقد
انتقده 1
ريوين كونيل
انتقده
Connell read Giddens’s structuration theory as metropolitan general theory claiming universal validity while ignoring colonial experience and the global South (Southern Theory, 2007, ch. 2). R. Connell, Southern Theory (2007), ch. 2 (on Coleman, Giddens and Bourdieu)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريوين كونيل › وُلد 1944
ينتقد 1
تالكوت بارسونز
انتقد
Giddens objected that Parsons’s normative functionalism turns actors into ‘cultural dopes’ and attributes needs to social systems, countering with structuration theory (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); Central Problems in Social Theory (1979)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تالكوت بارسونز › 1902–1979
الأعمال
نظرية التبنين (structuration) كاملةً: البنى وسيط ونتيجة معًا للممارسات التي تنظّمها – «ازدواجية البنية».
الموقف
Giddens first made his name by reinterpreting the classics – Marx, Durkheim and Weber – and then set out to overcome the split between theories of structure, such as functionalism, and theories of action, such as interpretive sociology. His theory of structuration, fully set out in The Constitution of Society (1984), holds that structure and agency are not opposites. Structures – rules and resources – exist only in being drawn on by knowledgeable actors, whose actions in turn reproduce or change them, often with unintended consequences: Giddens called this the “duality of structure”. From around 1990 he turned to the nature of late modernity. Modern institutions “disembed” social relations from local contexts and stretch them across time and space through money and expert systems, which we must trust without understanding them. Tradition loses its hold, and identity becomes a reflexive project that each person must keep revising. The Transformation of Intimacy (1992) traced the rise of the “pure relationship”, which lasts only as long as both partners find it satisfying. Politically, his “Third Way” sought a renewed social democracy beyond the old left and the new right – a programme that critics accused of accommodating neoliberalism.
الحياة والسياق
Anthony Giddens was born in London in 1938 and grew up in Edmonton in the north of the city, the son of a clerk at London Transport; he was the first in his family to go to university. He studied sociology and psychology at Hull and took a master’s degree at the London School of Economics. From 1961 he taught at the University of Leicester, where Norbert Elias was among his colleagues, and from 1969 at Cambridge, where he became professor in 1987. In 1985 he co-founded the publisher Polity Press. From 1997 to 2003 he was director of the London School of Economics and an adviser to Tony Blair’s New Labour. He gave the BBC Reith Lectures in 1999 and was made a life peer, Baron Giddens, in 2004.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971)
- New Rules of Sociological Method (1976)
- The Consequences of Modernity (1990)
- Modernity and Self-Identity (1991)
- The Transformation of Intimacy (1992)
- The Third Way (1998)
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