نيكلاس لوهمان
لا يتألف المجتمع من أشخاص بل من تواصل، وينقسم المجتمع الحديث إلى أنظمة منفصلة – كالقانون والاقتصاد والعلم – يتبع كلٌّ منها منطقه الخاص.
التموضع
اشتغل ثلاثة عقود على نظرية عامة للمجتمع: لا يتألف المجتمع من أشخاص بل من تواصلات، والمجتمع الحديث متمايز إلى أنظمة وظيفية ذاتية الإنتاج – الاقتصاد والقانون والسياسة والعلم والفن والدين.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- الأنظمة الاجتماعية ومحيطها
- التوالد الذاتي (Autopoiesis)
- التمايز الوظيفي
- التواصل عنصرًا للمجتمع
الأساتذة: تالكوت بارسونز
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
إدموند هوسرل
تأثّر بـ ✓
Luhmann took Husserl’s analysis of meaning, an actual given against a horizon of possibilities, as the basic concept of his systems theory (‘Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie’, 1971). N. Luhmann, “Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie”, in J. Habermas and N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie (1971); Soziale Systeme (1984); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
إدموند هوسرل › 1859–1938
تالكوت بارسونز تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على
Luhmann, then an administrative official, spent 1960–61 at Harvard on a scholarship and attended Parsons’s seminars; a one-year stay. He took his doctorate and Habilitation later, both in Münster in 1966. N. Luhmann, Archimedes und wir. Interviews (1987)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تالكوت بارسونز › 1902–1979
النقد
نقد متبادل 1
يورغن هابرماس ⇄ متبادل
انتقد
Luhmann rejected Habermas’s anchoring of social theory in consensus reached through discourse, analysing society as differentiated systems that reduce complexity (Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie?, 1971). J. Habermas & N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? (1971)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Habermas objected that Luhmann’s systems theory is a sophisticated form of technocratic thinking that redefines practical questions as technical ones (Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie?, 1971). J. Habermas & N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? (1971), Habermas’s contribution
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
الأعمال
نظرية النظم معاد صوغها بمفهوم التوالد الذاتي (autopoiesis): النظم الاجتماعية تتألف من اتصالات تنتج اتصالات أخرى، ولا ترصد بيئتها إلا عبر تمييزاتها الخاصة.
الموقف
Luhmann’s ambition was a universal theory of society that could describe everything social, including itself. He replaced the old distinction between whole and parts with that between system and environment. Social systems, he argued in Soziale Systeme (1984), consist not of people or actions but of communications, which connect to further communications; human beings, with their bodies and minds, belong to the environment of society. Following the biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, he called such systems autopoietic: they produce and reproduce their own elements and are operationally closed, though they can be irritated by their environment. Modern society is no longer ordered by a hierarchy of estates but by functional differentiation: the economy, law, politics, science, religion, art, education and the mass media each observe the world through their own binary code – payment or non-payment, legal or illegal, true or false. No centre can steer the whole. In a famous controversy with Jürgen Habermas (1971), Luhmann defended a descriptive theory against a critical one; critics found his work cold and conservative, admirers liberatingly ironic. He worked with a card index of some 90,000 notes and published more than 70 books.
الحياة والسياق
Niklas Luhmann was born in 1927 in Lüneburg, the son of a brewery owner. In 1944, aged sixteen, he was called up as an air force auxiliary, and in 1945 he was briefly a prisoner of war of the Americans. He studied law in Freiburg and worked as a civil servant in Lüneburg and in the Lower Saxony ministry of culture. A year at Harvard in 1960–61 brought him into contact with Talcott Parsons. After research posts in Speyer and Dortmund, he took his doctorate and habilitation in Münster in 1966, and in 1968 became the first professor appointed to the new University of Bielefeld, where he taught until 1993. Asked to name his research project there, he wrote: “Theory of society; duration: 30 years; costs: none.” He died in 1998 in Oerlinghausen.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation (1964)
- Love as Passion (1982)
- Social Systems (1984)
- Ecological Communication (1986)
- The Reality of the Mass Media (1996)
- Theory of Society (1997)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora