أمارتيا صن
التنمية تعني توسيع ما يملك الناس حقًّا حرية فعله وكينونته – وتتحسن العدالة بالمقارنة بين بدائل واقعية لا بالحلم بمثال أعلى.
التموضع
اقتصادي وفيلسوف: التنمية حرية؛ والتفكير في العدالة تفكيرًا مقارنًا لا مثاليًا.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مقاربة القدرات
- التنمية حرية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ
Sen cited Aristotle’s remark that wealth is merely useful for the sake of something else and linked capabilities to Aristotelian functioning (Development as Freedom, 1999). A. Sen, Development as Freedom (1999); “Capability and Well-Being”, in M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I.5
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
آدم سميث
تأثّر بـ
Sen took up Smith’s impartial spectator for an ‘open impartiality’ that hears voices from afar, against Rawls’s closed contract (The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); introduction to A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (2009)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آدم سميث › 1723–1790
روبندرونات طاغور
تأثّر بـ
Sen, who grew up at Tagore’s school in Santiniketan, defended Tagore’s cosmopolitan reason and his critique of nationalism in “Tagore and His India” (1997). A. Sen, “Tagore and His India”, New York Review of Books, 26 June 1997; The Argumentative Indian (2005), ch. 5
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
روبندرونات طاغور › 1861–1941
أثّر في 2
مارثا نوسباوم
أثّر في ✓
Nussbaum took up Sen’s capability approach, which they developed together at WIDER in Helsinki (The Quality of Life, 1993), and gave it a list of central capabilities. M. C. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life (1993); M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development (2000)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
مارثا نوسباوم › وُلد 1947
إليزابيث إس. أندرسون
أثّر في
Anderson used Sen’s capability approach to define democratic equality as access to the capabilities needed to function as an equal citizen (‘What Is the Point of Equality?’, 1999). E. Anderson, “What Is the Point of Equality?”, Ethics 109 (1999); A. Sen, Inequality Reexamined (1992)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إليزابيث إس. أندرسون › وُلد 1959
النقد
ينتقد 1
جون رولز تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ
Sen dedicated The Idea of Justice (2009) to Rawls’s memory and kept his demand for impartial public reasoning, while shifting from ideal institutions to comparisons of real lives. A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
انتقد
Sen objected that Rawls’s primary goods ignore how people differ in converting resources into capabilities (‘Equality of What?’, 1979; The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, “Equality of What?”, Tanner Lecture (1979); The Idea of Justice (2009)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
الأعمال
- 1999التنمية كحرية
التنمية بوصفها توسيعًا للحريات الحقيقية.
- 2009فكرة العدالة
عدالة مقارِنة لا متعالية – مع المشاهد المحايد عند سميث.
الموقف
Sen connects economics with moral philosophy. His studies of famines argued that they arise less from a lack of food than from a collapse of people’s entitlements to it – and that no major famine has occurred in a functioning democracy with a free press. Against measuring welfare only in income or utility, he developed the capability approach: what matters is what people are actually able to do and to be – to be healthy, educated, to take part in public life. Development, he argued, is the expansion of such real freedoms. In The Idea of Justice he criticised Rawls’ search for a perfectly just society and proposed comparing real alternatives to reduce manifest injustice. His work shaped the UN’s Human Development Index.
الحياة والسياق
Sen was born in 1933 in Santiniketan, Bengal; as a child he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943. He studied in Calcutta and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and taught in Delhi, at the London School of Economics, Oxford and Harvard; from 1998 to 2004 he was Master of Trinity College. In 1998 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970)
- Poverty and Famines (1981)
- Development as Freedom (1999)
- Identity and Violence (2006)
- The Idea of Justice (2009)
يرد في
- رحلة «ما العادل؟» · المحطة 10 من 10
- نقاش «العدالة والمساواة»
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