अर्न्स्ट माक
विज्ञान यह वर्णित करता है कि हमारी संवेदनाएँ यथासंभव सरल रूप से कैसे जुड़ी हैं, और वे अवधारणाएँ जिन्हें कोई अनुभव छू नहीं सकता, जैसे निरपेक्ष स्थान, छोड़ दी जानी चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्राग और वियना के भौतिकविद: विज्ञान को संवेदनाओं के संबंधों का यथासंभव मितव्ययी वर्णन करना चाहिए; न्यूटन का निरपेक्ष स्थान एक तत्त्वमीमांसीय निरर्थक पहिया है। वियना सर्कल ने अपने संगठन का नाम उन्हीं पर रखा।
मुख्य विचार
- चिंतन की मितव्ययिता
- स्वयं-में-वस्तुओं की जगह तत्त्व (संवेदनाएँ)
- निरपेक्ष स्थान की आलोचना
प्रभाव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 6
क्रिस्टियन फ़ॉन एहरेनफ़ेल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ehrenfels started ‘Über Gestaltqualitäten’ (1890) from Mach’s observation in the Analysis of Sensations (1886) that a melody stays the same when transposed although every tone changes. C. von Ehrenfels, “Über Gestaltqualitäten” (1890); E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Christian von Ehrenfels”; SEP “Ernst Mach”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्रिस्टियन फ़ॉन एहरेनफ़ेल्स › 1859–1932
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Einstein took from Mach’s critique of absolute space the idea that inertia depends on distant masses, which he named ‘Mach’s principle’ (‘Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1918). A. Einstein, “Ernst Mach”, Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916); “Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 55 (1918); E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883); SEP “Ernst Mach”
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन › 1879–1955
ओटो न्यूरथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Neurath co-founded the Verein Ernst Mach (1928) and, in the manifesto he co-wrote, named Mach among the forerunners of an anti-metaphysical, unified science (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, 1929). H. Hahn, O. Neurath and R. Carnap, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (1929); SEP “Otto Neurath”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
ओटो न्यूरथ › 1882–1945
मारित्ज़ श्लिक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Schlick took Mach’s former Vienna chair (1922) and chaired the Verein Ernst Mach (1928), though his early critical realism had rejected Mach’s positivism (Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, 1918). M. Schlick, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918); SEP “Moritz Schlick”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मारित्ज़ श्लिक › 1882–1936
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Malinowski’s dissertation On the Principle of the Economy of Thought (Kraków, 1906) critically examined Mach’s empiriocriticism, which scholars such as Gellner link to his later functionalism. B. Malinowski, “O zasadzie ekonomii myślenia” (diss., Kraków, 1906), in R. J. Thornton and P. Skalník (eds.), The Early Writings of Bronisław Malinowski (1993); E. Gellner, “Zeno of Cracow” (1987); SEP “Ernst Mach”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ब्रॉनिस्लाव मालिनोव्स्की › 1884–1942
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Carnap built the Aufbau (1928) on an autopsychological basis of experiences, in the line of Mach’s analysis of sensations, but took elementary experiences, not sensation elements, as basic. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”; SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप › 1891–1970
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
आइज़क न्यूटन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइज़क न्यूटन › 1643–1727
इमानुएल कांट जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mach recalled that Kant’s Prolegomena, read at fifteen, made a ‘powerful, indelible impression’ and turned him to the critique of knowledge (Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen, 1886). E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mach, who read Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen, came to see the thing in itself as playing an ‘idle role’: the world consists of elements such as sensations (1886). E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886), ch. I, note; SEP “Ernst Mach”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कृतियाँ
यांत्रिकी का ऐतिहासिक-आलोचनात्मक विवरण: निरपेक्ष स्थान और काल तत्त्वमीमांसीय हैं; जड़त्व को ब्रह्मांड के द्रव्यमानों के सापेक्ष समझा जाना चाहिए।
पिंड और अहं तत्त्वों – रंग, ध्वनियाँ, दबाव – के अपेक्षाकृत स्थिर समुच्चय हैं; “अहं को बचाया नहीं जा सकता”।
मत
Mach wanted to free science from metaphysics, including the metaphysics hidden in physics. The Science of Mechanics (1883) traced the concepts of mechanics back to their origins and found Newton’s absolute space and absolute time to be “idle” ideas that no experience could check; the inertia of a body should be understood relative to the other masses of the universe. Einstein later called him a forerunner of general relativity and named this idea “Mach’s principle”. The Analysis of Sensations (1886) went further: the world consists of “elements” – colours, sounds, pressures, spaces, times – and what we call bodies and egos are only relatively stable complexes of them. “The ego cannot be saved.” He recalled that reading Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen impressed him deeply, and that soon after the thing in itself struck him as superfluous. Science aims at an “economy of thought”: laws summarise experience as briefly as possible and remain provisional. His doubts about atoms led to a long dispute with Boltzmann. The Vienna Circle founded the Verein Ernst Mach in 1928, while Lenin attacked “Machism” as idealism in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909).
जीवन और संदर्भ
Ernst Mach was born in 1838 in Chirlitz near Brünn in Moravia (today part of Brno) and was largely taught at home by his father. He took his doctorate in physics in Vienna in 1860, became professor in Graz in 1864 and from 1867 held the chair of experimental physics in Prague for 28 years. There he worked on acoustics, optics and the physiology of the senses, and in 1887, with Peter Salcher, published the first photographs of the shock waves around supersonic projectiles; the Mach number is named after him. In 1895 Vienna created for him a chair in the history and theory of the inductive sciences. A stroke in 1898 left him partly paralysed, and he retired in 1901, the year he was appointed to the upper house of the Austrian parliament. He died near Munich in 1916.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Science of Mechanics (1883)
- Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations (1886)
- Popular Scientific Lectures (1896)
- Principles of the Theory of Heat (1896)
- Knowledge and Error (1905)
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