Ernst Mach
Nauka opisuje, jak nasze wrażenia łączą się ze sobą najprościej, jak to możliwe, a pojęcia, których nie może dotknąć żadne doświadczenie, jak absolutna przestrzeń, powinny odejść.
Umiejscowienie
Fizyk w Pradze i Wiedniu: nauka powinna opisywać związki wrażeń jak najbardziej ekonomicznie; absolutna przestrzeń Newtona jest metafizycznym kołem, które obraca się na biegu jałowym. Koło Wiedeńskie nazwało swoje stowarzyszenie jego imieniem.
Kluczowe idee
- Ekonomia myślenia
- Elementy (wrażenia) zamiast rzeczy samych w sobie
- Krytyka absolutnej przestrzeni
Wpływ
Wpływ na 6
Christian von Ehrenfels
wpływ na
Ehrenfels started ‘Über Gestaltqualitäten’ (1890) from Mach’s observation in the Analysis of Sensations (1886) that a melody stays the same when transposed although every tone changes. C. von Ehrenfels, “Über Gestaltqualitäten” (1890); E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Christian von Ehrenfels”; SEP “Ernst Mach”
Źródło: szkic AI
Christian von Ehrenfels › 1859–1932
Albert Einstein
wpływ na ✓
Einstein took from Mach’s critique of absolute space the idea that inertia depends on distant masses, which he named ‘Mach’s principle’ (‘Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1918). A. Einstein, “Ernst Mach”, Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916); “Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 55 (1918); E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883); SEP “Ernst Mach”
Albert Einstein › 1879–1955
Otto Neurath
wpływ na ✓
Neurath co-founded the Verein Ernst Mach (1928) and, in the manifesto he co-wrote, named Mach among the forerunners of an anti-metaphysical, unified science (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, 1929). H. Hahn, O. Neurath and R. Carnap, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (1929); SEP “Otto Neurath”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Otto Neurath › 1882–1945
Moritz Schlick
wpływ na
Schlick took Mach’s former Vienna chair (1922) and chaired the Verein Ernst Mach (1928), though his early critical realism had rejected Mach’s positivism (Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, 1918). M. Schlick, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918); SEP “Moritz Schlick”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Moritz Schlick › 1882–1936
Bronisław Malinowski
wpływ na
Malinowski’s dissertation On the Principle of the Economy of Thought (Kraków, 1906) critically examined Mach’s empiriocriticism, which scholars such as Gellner link to his later functionalism. B. Malinowski, “O zasadzie ekonomii myślenia” (diss., Kraków, 1906), in R. J. Thornton and P. Skalník (eds.), The Early Writings of Bronisław Malinowski (1993); E. Gellner, “Zeno of Cracow” (1987); SEP “Ernst Mach”
Źródło: szkic AI
Bronisław Malinowski › 1884–1942
Rudolf Carnap
wpływ na ✓
Carnap built the Aufbau (1928) on an autopsychological basis of experiences, in the line of Mach’s analysis of sensations, but took elementary experiences, not sensation elements, as basic. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”; SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
Rudolf Carnap › 1891–1970
Krytyka
Krytykuje 2
Isaac Newton
krytykuje
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
Źródło: szkic AI
Isaac Newton › 1643–1727
Immanuel Kant pod wpływem
pod wpływem
Mach recalled that Kant’s Prolegomena, read at fifteen, made a ‘powerful, indelible impression’ and turned him to the critique of knowledge (Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen, 1886). E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”
Źródło: szkic AI
krytykuje
Mach, who read Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen, came to see the thing in itself as playing an ‘idle role’: the world consists of elements such as sensations (1886). E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886), ch. I, note; SEP “Ernst Mach”
Źródło: szkic AI
Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Dzieła
Historyczno-krytyczne ujęcie mechaniki: absolutna przestrzeń i czas są metafizyczne; bezwładność trzeba rozumieć względem mas wszechświata.
- 1886Analiza wrażeń
Ciała i ego są względnie stabilnymi kompleksami elementów – barw, dźwięków, nacisków; „ego nie da się uratować”.
Stanowisko
Mach wanted to free science from metaphysics, including the metaphysics hidden in physics. The Science of Mechanics (1883) traced the concepts of mechanics back to their origins and found Newton’s absolute space and absolute time to be “idle” ideas that no experience could check; the inertia of a body should be understood relative to the other masses of the universe. Einstein later called him a forerunner of general relativity and named this idea “Mach’s principle”. The Analysis of Sensations (1886) went further: the world consists of “elements” – colours, sounds, pressures, spaces, times – and what we call bodies and egos are only relatively stable complexes of them. “The ego cannot be saved.” He recalled that reading Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen impressed him deeply, and that soon after the thing in itself struck him as superfluous. Science aims at an “economy of thought”: laws summarise experience as briefly as possible and remain provisional. His doubts about atoms led to a long dispute with Boltzmann. The Vienna Circle founded the Verein Ernst Mach in 1928, while Lenin attacked “Machism” as idealism in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909).
Życie i kontekst
Ernst Mach was born in 1838 in Chirlitz near Brünn in Moravia (today part of Brno) and was largely taught at home by his father. He took his doctorate in physics in Vienna in 1860, became professor in Graz in 1864 and from 1867 held the chair of experimental physics in Prague for 28 years. There he worked on acoustics, optics and the physiology of the senses, and in 1887, with Peter Salcher, published the first photographs of the shock waves around supersonic projectiles; the Mach number is named after him. In 1895 Vienna created for him a chair in the history and theory of the inductive sciences. A stroke in 1898 left him partly paralysed, and he retired in 1901, the year he was appointed to the upper house of the Austrian parliament. He died near Munich in 1916.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- The Science of Mechanics (1883)
- Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations (1886)
- Popular Scientific Lectures (1896)
- Principles of the Theory of Heat (1896)
- Knowledge and Error (1905)
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