إرنست ماخ
يصف العلم كيف تترابط أحاسيسنا على أبسط وجه ممكن، وينبغي أن تسقط المفاهيم التي لا تمسّها أي تجربة، كالمكان المطلق.
التموضع
فيزيائي في براغ وفيينا: ينبغي للعلم أن يصف روابط الإحساسات بأكبر قدر من الاقتصاد؛ والفضاء المطلق عند نيوتن عجلة ميتافيزيقية عاطلة. وسمّت حلقة فيينا جمعيتها باسمه.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- اقتصاد الفكر
- العناصر (الإحساسات) بدل الأشياء في ذاتها
- نقد الفضاء المطلق
التأثير
أثّر في 6
كريستيان فون إهرنفلس
أثّر في
Ehrenfels started ‘Über Gestaltqualitäten’ (1890) from Mach’s observation in the Analysis of Sensations (1886) that a melody stays the same when transposed although every tone changes. C. von Ehrenfels, “Über Gestaltqualitäten” (1890); E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Christian von Ehrenfels”; SEP “Ernst Mach”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كريستيان فون إهرنفلس › 1859–1932
ألبرت أينشتاين
أثّر في ✓
Einstein took from Mach’s critique of absolute space the idea that inertia depends on distant masses, which he named ‘Mach’s principle’ (‘Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1918). A. Einstein, “Ernst Mach”, Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916); “Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 55 (1918); E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883); SEP “Ernst Mach”
ألبرت أينشتاين › 1879–1955
أتو نويرات
أثّر في ✓
Neurath co-founded the Verein Ernst Mach (1928) and, in the manifesto he co-wrote, named Mach among the forerunners of an anti-metaphysical, unified science (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, 1929). H. Hahn, O. Neurath and R. Carnap, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (1929); SEP “Otto Neurath”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أتو نويرات › 1882–1945
موريتز شليك
أثّر في
Schlick took Mach’s former Vienna chair (1922) and chaired the Verein Ernst Mach (1928), though his early critical realism had rejected Mach’s positivism (Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, 1918). M. Schlick, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918); SEP “Moritz Schlick”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
موريتز شليك › 1882–1936
برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي
أثّر في
Malinowski’s dissertation On the Principle of the Economy of Thought (Kraków, 1906) critically examined Mach’s empiriocriticism, which scholars such as Gellner link to his later functionalism. B. Malinowski, “O zasadzie ekonomii myślenia” (diss., Kraków, 1906), in R. J. Thornton and P. Skalník (eds.), The Early Writings of Bronisław Malinowski (1993); E. Gellner, “Zeno of Cracow” (1987); SEP “Ernst Mach”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
برونيسلاف مالينوفسكي › 1884–1942
رودولف كارناب
أثّر في ✓
Carnap built the Aufbau (1928) on an autopsychological basis of experiences, in the line of Mach’s analysis of sensations, but took elementary experiences, not sensation elements, as basic. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”; SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
رودولف كارناب › 1891–1970
النقد
ينتقد 2
إسحاق نيوتن
انتقد
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إسحاق نيوتن › 1643–1727
إيمانويل كانط تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ
Mach recalled that Kant’s Prolegomena, read at fifteen, made a ‘powerful, indelible impression’ and turned him to the critique of knowledge (Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen, 1886). E. Mach, Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886); SEP “Ernst Mach”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقد
Mach, who read Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen, came to see the thing in itself as playing an ‘idle role’: the world consists of elements such as sensations (1886). E. Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen (1886), ch. I, note; SEP “Ernst Mach”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
الأعمال
عرض تاريخي نقدي للميكانيكا: المكان والزمان المطلقان ميتافيزيقيان؛ والقصور الذاتي ينبغي فهمه نسبةً إلى كتل الكون.
الأجسام والأنا مركبات مستقرة نسبيًا من العناصر – ألوان وأصوات وضغوط؛ «الأنا لا يمكن إنقاذه».
الموقف
Mach wanted to free science from metaphysics, including the metaphysics hidden in physics. The Science of Mechanics (1883) traced the concepts of mechanics back to their origins and found Newton’s absolute space and absolute time to be “idle” ideas that no experience could check; the inertia of a body should be understood relative to the other masses of the universe. Einstein later called him a forerunner of general relativity and named this idea “Mach’s principle”. The Analysis of Sensations (1886) went further: the world consists of “elements” – colours, sounds, pressures, spaces, times – and what we call bodies and egos are only relatively stable complexes of them. “The ego cannot be saved.” He recalled that reading Kant’s Prolegomena at fifteen impressed him deeply, and that soon after the thing in itself struck him as superfluous. Science aims at an “economy of thought”: laws summarise experience as briefly as possible and remain provisional. His doubts about atoms led to a long dispute with Boltzmann. The Vienna Circle founded the Verein Ernst Mach in 1928, while Lenin attacked “Machism” as idealism in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1909).
الحياة والسياق
Ernst Mach was born in 1838 in Chirlitz near Brünn in Moravia (today part of Brno) and was largely taught at home by his father. He took his doctorate in physics in Vienna in 1860, became professor in Graz in 1864 and from 1867 held the chair of experimental physics in Prague for 28 years. There he worked on acoustics, optics and the physiology of the senses, and in 1887, with Peter Salcher, published the first photographs of the shock waves around supersonic projectiles; the Mach number is named after him. In 1895 Vienna created for him a chair in the history and theory of the inductive sciences. A stroke in 1898 left him partly paralysed, and he retired in 1901, the year he was appointed to the upper house of the Austrian parliament. He died near Munich in 1916.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Science of Mechanics (1883)
- Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations (1886)
- Popular Scientific Lectures (1896)
- Principles of the Theory of Heat (1896)
- Knowledge and Error (1905)
يرد في
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