奥托·纽拉特
知识没有牢靠的基础：我们只能用其他语句来检验语句，并在依靠其余部分的同时，一块一块地重建我们的知识。
定位
维也纳的经济学家、社会改革者和维也纳学派的组织者：各门科学应当共享一种由公共陈述构成的物理主义语言，其中没有任何陈述不可修正——“就像水手们必须在公海上重建自己的船”。他还设计了后来被称为“国际印刷图像教育系统”（Isotype）的图像统计。
核心思想
- 物理主义与统一科学
- 可修正的记录语句
- 纽拉特之船（没有基础）
- Isotype 图像统计
- 实物经济
影响
受影响于 2
卡尔·马克思
受其影响
Neurath treated Marx’s historical materialism as a model of empirical, anti-metaphysical sociology (Empirische Soziologie, 1931) and argued for a planned economy calculated in kind (1919). O. Neurath, Durch die Kriegswirtschaft zur Naturalwirtschaft (1919); Empirische Soziologie (1931); SEP “Otto Neurath”
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
恩斯特·马赫
受其影响 ✓
Neurath co-founded the Verein Ernst Mach (1928) and, in the manifesto he co-wrote, named Mach among the forerunners of an anti-metaphysical, unified science (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, 1929). H. Hahn, O. Neurath and R. Carnap, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (1929); SEP “Otto Neurath”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
恩斯特·马赫 › 1838–1916
影响了 2
鲁道夫·卡尔纳普
影响了
Carnap adopted Neurath’s physicalism, making physical language the universal language of science (1932), and came round to his view that protocol sentences are revisable. R. Carnap, “Die physikalische Sprache als Universalsprache der Wissenschaft”, Erkenntnis 2 (1932); “Über Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932); O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932); SEP “Otto Neurath”
依据: AI 草稿
鲁道夫·卡尔纳普 › 1891–1970
W. V. O. 奎因
影响了
Quine set Neurath’s image of sailors rebuilding their ship on the open sea as motto of Word and Object (1960), summing up a naturalism without foundations outside science. W. V. Quine, Word and Object (1960); O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932); SEP “Otto Neurath”
依据: AI 草稿
W. V. O. 奎因 › 1908–2000
批评
受批评于 1
卡尔·波普尔
受其批评
Popper welcomed Neurath’s view that protocol sentences are revisable, but objected that without rules for discarding them empiricism is thrown overboard (Logik der Forschung, 1934). K. Popper, Logik der Forschung (1934), § 26; O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932/33)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
批评了 1
莫里茨·石里克
批评了
Neurath rejected Schlick’s ‘affirmations’ as an unshakeable foundation of knowledge: all statements, protocol sentences included, remain revisable (‘Radikaler Physikalismus und „wirkliche Welt“’, 1934). O. Neurath, “Radikaler Physikalismus und »wirkliche Welt«”, Erkenntnis 4 (1934); M. Schlick, “Über das Fundament der Erkenntnis”, Erkenntnis 4 (1934); O. Neurath, “Protokollsätze”, Erkenntnis 3 (1932/33)
依据: AI 草稿
莫里茨·石里克 › 1882–1936
作品
- 1929科学的世界观：维也纳学派
维也纳学派的宣言，由汉斯·哈恩、奥托·纽拉特和鲁道夫·卡尔纳普署名：统一科学、逻辑分析、没有形而上学——并与社会改革结盟。
- 1932记录语句
不存在确定经验的磐石：即使是观察记录也可以被舍弃——这篇文章里有一艘必须在海上重建的船。
立场
Neurath gave the empiricism of the Vienna Circle a social and anti-foundational turn. “Unified science” meant for him not a pyramid that reduces all sciences to physics but an encyclopedia of sciences that share a physicalist language of statements about observable events in space and time, so that predictions from economics, biology and physics can be combined. In “Protocol Sentences” (1932) he denied that knowledge rests on a bedrock of certain experience: even protocol statements, which record an observation together with the observer’s name and the time, may be discarded if they conflict with the rest of the system. Hence his image of sailors “who have to rebuild their ship on the open sea, without ever being able to take it apart in dry dock”. This brought him into dispute with Carnap over phenomenalist foundations, with Moritz Schlick, who defended indubitable “affirmations” (Konstatierungen), and with Karl Popper over basic statements. He regarded Marxism as a model for an empirical sociology and argued for a planned “economy in kind” calculated without money; Ludwig von Mises replied in 1920 with his essay on economic calculation, the beginning of the socialist calculation debate. Isotype was meant to make social and economic facts readable for everyone. Carnap took over physicalism from him, and W. V. O. Quine put the ship at the head of Word and Object (1960).
生平与背景
Otto Neurath was born in Vienna on 10 December 1882, the son of the economist Wilhelm Neurath. He studied mathematics, economics and history in Vienna and Berlin and took his doctorate in Berlin in 1906 with Gustav Schmoller and Eduard Meyer, on ancient economic history. In 1917 he qualified as a lecturer at Heidelberg. In 1919 he headed the central planning office of the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic; after its fall he was imprisoned, wrote Anti-Spengler in prison and returned to Austria after the Austrian government intervened. In “Red Vienna” he worked for the settlers’ movement and from 1924 to 1934 directed the Social and Economic Museum, where he developed, with Marie Reidemeister and the artist Gerd Arntz, a method of picture statistics later called Isotype. He co-founded the Ernst Mach Society in 1928 and wrote the Vienna Circle’s manifesto of 1929 with Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap. In 1934 he fled to The Hague, in 1940 to England, where he was interned for nine months. With Carnap and Charles Morris he edited the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science from 1938. He married Marie Reidemeister in 1941 and died in Oxford on 22 December 1945.
其他主要作品
- Anti-Spengler (1921)
- The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle (Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis, with Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap, 1929)
- Empirical Sociology (Empirische Soziologie, 1931)
- “Protocol Sentences” (“Protokollsätze”, 1932)
- International Picture Language (1936)
- Foundations of the Social Sciences (1944)
截至 2026年11月 · 来源 · 改进本页 · Agora 是如何制作的