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Erving Goffman

1922–1982

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

W codziennych spotkaniach odgrywamy role jak aktorzy na scenie, zarządzając wrażeniem, jakie wywieramy, i pomagając innym zachować twarz.

Umiejscowienie

Socjologia i teoria społeczna · Ameryka Północna · Społeczeństwo i historia, Umysł i świadomość

Socjolog spotkań twarzą w twarz: w życiu codziennym inscenizujemy siebie jak aktorzy, strzeżemy twarzy i gramy według niepisanych reguł – aż po zamknięty świat zakładu psychiatrycznego.

Kluczowe idee

  • Autoprezentacja (przód i zaplecze sceny)
  • Praca nad twarzą i rytuał interakcyjny
  • Instytucje totalne
  • Piętno
  • Analiza ram

Uczniowie: Arlie Russell Hochschild

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 6

  • William James

    pod wpływem

    Goffman opened Frame Analysis (1974) with James’s question under what circumstances we think things real and his account of the many ‘sub-universes’ of reality. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), “The Perception of Reality”; SEP “William James”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    William James › 1842–1910

  • Émile Durkheim

    pod wpływem

    Goffman applied Durkheim’s notion of the sacred to everyday encounters: the self is honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour (Interaction Ritual, 1967). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor”, American Anthropologist 58 (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Émile Durkheim › 1858–1917

  • Georg Simmel

    pod wpływem

    Goffman took Simmel’s ‘ideal sphere’ around every person as the basis of avoidance rituals that keep a respectful distance from others (‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanor’, 1956). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor” (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Das Geheimnis und die geheime Gesellschaft”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Georg Simmel › 1858–1918

  • George Herbert Mead

    pod wpływem sporne

    How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    George Herbert Mead › 1863–1931

  • Alfred Schütz

    pod wpływem

    In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Alfred Schütz › 1899–1959

  • Herbert Blumer

    pod wpływem

    Goffman studied at Chicago while Blumer taught there and came to Berkeley at his invitation (1958); he shared Blumer’s focus on interaction but declined the label symbolic interactionist. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); J. Verhoeven, “An Interview with Erving Goffman, 1980”, Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (1993)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Herbert Blumer › 1900–1987

Wpływ na 2

  • Anthony Giddens

    wpływ na ✓

    Giddens treated Goffman as a systematic theorist of co-presence, using his analyses of encounters, front and back regions and tact in structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (1984); “Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist”, in P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (1988)

    Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata

    Anthony Giddens › ur. 1938

  • Arlie Russell Hochschild uczeń/uczennica

    uczeń/uczennica

    Hochschild studied sociology at Berkeley (MA 1965, PhD 1969) and names Goffman among the teachers there she was privileged to work with; The Managed Heart (1983) builds on his dramaturgy. Classroom teaching, not supervision. UC Berkeley, Department of Sociology, alumni page “Arlie Hochschild (1962)”; A. R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart (1983)

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Arlie Russell Hochschild › ur. 1940

Dzieła

Stanowisko

Goffman studied what he called the interaction order: what happens whenever people are in one another’s presence. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; expanded 1959) uses the language of the theatre. In every encounter we perform for others, maintaining a “front” – setting, appearance, manner – while we prepare and relax in a “back region”, as waiters do between the dining room and the kitchen. Such impression management is not mere deception: social order depends on everyone helping everyone else to sustain the shared definition of the situation. In Interaction Ritual (1967) he described the work of saving “face”, drawing on Durkheim’s idea that the self is something sacred, honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour. Asylums (1961) analysed “total institutions” – psychiatric hospitals, prisons, barracks, monasteries – that strip inmates of their former selves, and became a key text of the critique of psychiatry. Stigma (1963) examined how people with a “spoiled identity” manage information about themselves. Frame Analysis (1974) asked how we know what kind of situation we are in. Goffman refused to belong to any school, but many of his concepts have entered everyday language.

Życie i kontekst

Erving Goffman was born in 1922 in Mannville, Alberta, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. He studied sociology and anthropology at the University of Toronto and went on to the University of Chicago, where he took his doctorate in 1953. For his dissertation he spent some eighteen months on Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, observing everyday conduct in a small community, partly from the kitchen of the local hotel. In 1955–56 he did fieldwork at St Elizabeths, a large psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C. He taught at Berkeley from 1958 and from 1968 at the University of Pennsylvania. Elected president of the American Sociological Association, he died of cancer in 1982 before he could deliver his presidential address, “The Interaction Order”.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956/1959)
  • Asylums (1961)
  • Stigma (1963)
  • Interaction Ritual (1967)
  • Frame Analysis (1974)
  • Forms of Talk (1981)

Pojawia się w

Źródła: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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