इरविंग गोफमैन
रोज़मर्रा की मुठभेड़ों में हम मंच पर अभिनेताओं की तरह भूमिकाएँ निभाते हैं, जो छाप हम छोड़ते हैं उसे प्रबंधित करते हैं और दूसरों को चेहरा बचाने में मदद करते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
आमने-सामने की मुठभेड़ों के समाजशास्त्री: रोज़मर्रा के जीवन में हम अभिनेताओं की तरह स्वयं को मंचित करते हैं, अपना चेहरा बचाते हैं और अलिखित नियमों से खेलते हैं – असाइलम की बंद दुनिया तक।
मुख्य विचार
- आत्म की प्रस्तुति (मंच-सामने और मंच-पीछे)
- चेहरा-कार्य और अंतःक्रिया-अनुष्ठान
- संपूर्ण संस्थाएँ
- कलंक
- फ़्रेम-विश्लेषण
शिष्य: आर्ली रसेल हॉक्सचाइल्ड
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
विलियम जेम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Goffman opened Frame Analysis (1974) with James’s question under what circumstances we think things real and his account of the many ‘sub-universes’ of reality. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), “The Perception of Reality”; SEP “William James”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
एमिल दुरकेम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Goffman applied Durkheim’s notion of the sacred to everyday encounters: the self is honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour (Interaction Ritual, 1967). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor”, American Anthropologist 58 (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); É. Durkheim, Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Goffman took Simmel’s ‘ideal sphere’ around every person as the basis of avoidance rituals that keep a respectful distance from others (‘The Nature of Deference and Demeanor’, 1956). E. Goffman, “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor” (1956), in Interaction Ritual (1967); G. Simmel, Soziologie (1908), “Das Geheimnis und die geheime Gesellschaft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल › 1858–1918
जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
How far Goffman drew on Mead is disputed: he is often counted a symbolic interactionist, but commentators stress his debts to Durkheim and Simmel (Presentation of Self, 1956). E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; 1959); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); G. Smith, Erving Goffman (2006); SEP “George Herbert Mead”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड › 1863–1931
आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़ › 1899–1959
हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Goffman studied at Chicago while Blumer taught there and came to Berkeley at his invitation (1958); he shared Blumer’s focus on interaction but declined the label symbolic interactionist. H. Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (1969); T. Burns, Erving Goffman (1992); J. Verhoeven, “An Interview with Erving Goffman, 1980”, Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (1993)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हर्बर्ट ब्लूमर › 1900–1987
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
एंथनी गिडेंस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Giddens treated Goffman as a systematic theorist of co-presence, using his analyses of encounters, front and back regions and tact in structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (1984); “Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist”, in P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (1988)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एंथनी गिडेंस › जन्म 1938
आर्ली रसेल हॉक्सचाइल्ड जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Hochschild studied sociology at Berkeley (MA 1965, PhD 1969) and names Goffman among the teachers there she was privileged to work with; The Managed Heart (1983) builds on his dramaturgy. Classroom teaching, not supervision. UC Berkeley, Department of Sociology, alumni page “Arlie Hochschild (1962)”; A. R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart (1983)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर्ली रसेल हॉक्सचाइल्ड › जन्म 1940
कृतियाँ
सामाजिक जीवन रंगमंच के रूप में: हम दर्शकों के लिए अभिनय करते हैं, मंच-सामने प्रभाव प्रबंधित करते हैं और मंच-पीछे भूमिका छोड़ देते हैं।
मत
Goffman studied what he called the interaction order: what happens whenever people are in one another’s presence. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956; expanded 1959) uses the language of the theatre. In every encounter we perform for others, maintaining a “front” – setting, appearance, manner – while we prepare and relax in a “back region”, as waiters do between the dining room and the kitchen. Such impression management is not mere deception: social order depends on everyone helping everyone else to sustain the shared definition of the situation. In Interaction Ritual (1967) he described the work of saving “face”, drawing on Durkheim’s idea that the self is something sacred, honoured in small rituals of deference and demeanour. Asylums (1961) analysed “total institutions” – psychiatric hospitals, prisons, barracks, monasteries – that strip inmates of their former selves, and became a key text of the critique of psychiatry. Stigma (1963) examined how people with a “spoiled identity” manage information about themselves. Frame Analysis (1974) asked how we know what kind of situation we are in. Goffman refused to belong to any school, but many of his concepts have entered everyday language.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Erving Goffman was born in 1922 in Mannville, Alberta, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. He studied sociology and anthropology at the University of Toronto and went on to the University of Chicago, where he took his doctorate in 1953. For his dissertation he spent some eighteen months on Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, observing everyday conduct in a small community, partly from the kitchen of the local hotel. In 1955–56 he did fieldwork at St Elizabeths, a large psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C. He taught at Berkeley from 1958 and from 1968 at the University of Pennsylvania. Elected president of the American Sociological Association, he died of cancer in 1982 before he could deliver his presidential address, “The Interaction Order”.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956/1959)
- Asylums (1961)
- Stigma (1963)
- Interaction Ritual (1967)
- Frame Analysis (1974)
- Forms of Talk (1981)
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