萨莉·哈斯兰格

Agora

萨莉·哈斯兰格

1955年生

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

性别和种族是真实的，但它们是有利或不利的社会位置——而哲学应当追问，为了对抗不公正我们需要哪些概念。

定位

分析哲学 · 北美 · 社会与历史, 形而上学, 政治与法, 认识论, 性别与女性主义

麻省理工学院研究社会世界的形而上学家：性别和种族是真实的，但在社会上建构的从属与特权的位置——而哲学应当追问，为了对抗不公正，我们需要哪些概念（“改善性”分析）。

核心思想

性别与种族的社会建构
改善性分析
结构性解释与意识形态批判

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影响

受影响于 4

卡尔·马克思

受其影响
Haslanger revived ideology critique in the tradition going back to Marx, treating ideology as networks of social meanings that make unjust practices seem natural (‘Culture and Critique’, 2017). S. Haslanger, “Culture and Critique”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. vol. 91 (2017); Resisting Reality (2012)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦

受其影响
Haslanger developed Beauvoir’s claim that one becomes a woman into a social ontology of gender as a position in social relations, not a biological fact (Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique (2012); “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?”, Noûs 34 (2000); S. de Beauvoir, Le deuxième sexe (1949); SEP “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”
依据: AI 草稿
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦 › 1908–1986
凯瑟琳·A. 麦金农

受其影响
Haslanger defined women as those subordinated on the basis of perceived female sex, following MacKinnon’s account of gender as social hierarchy (‘Gender and Race: (What) Are They?’, 2000). S. Haslanger, “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?”, Noûs 34 (2000); C. A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989); SEP “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”
依据: AI 草稿
凯瑟琳·A. 麦金农 › 1946年生
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬

受其影响
Haslanger took up Young’s account of oppression as structural, arising from institutions and practices rather than individual ill will (‘Oppressions: Racial and Other’, 2004; Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, “Oppressions: Racial and Other”, in M. P. Levine and T. Pataki (eds.), Racism in Mind (2004); Resisting Reality (2012); I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
依据: AI 草稿
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬 › 1949–2006

影响了 1

罗宾·登布罗夫

影响了
Dembroff defended social and ameliorative accounts of gender in Haslanger’s line against Alex Byrne’s view that women are adult human females (‘Escaping the Natural Attitude about Gender’, 2021). R. Dembroff, “Escaping the Natural Attitude about Gender”, Philosophical Studies 178 (2021); “Real Talk on the Metaphysics of Gender”, Philosophical Topics 46 (2018); S. Haslanger, Resisting Reality (2012)
依据: AI 草稿
罗宾·登布罗夫 › 同时代

批评

批评了 1

戴维·刘易斯

批评了
Haslanger defended endurance against Lewis’s argument from temporary intrinsics: things can change their intrinsic properties without having temporal parts (‘Endurance and Temporary Intrinsics’, Analysis, 1989). S. Haslanger, “Endurance and Temporary Intrinsics”, Analysis 49 (1989), 119–125; D. Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (1986), 202–204
依据: AI 草稿
戴维·刘易斯 › 1941–2001

立场

Haslanger began in metaphysics, working on persistence through change and on Aristotle, and then brought its tools to feminist and critical race theory. “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?” distinguishes three kinds of inquiry into a concept: conceptual (what we take it to mean), descriptive (what it actually tracks) and “ameliorative” (which concept we should use, given our legitimate purposes). For the purpose of fighting injustice she proposes that to be a woman is to be systematically subordinated along some dimension and to be marked for this treatment by observed or imagined bodily features taken as evidence of a female role in reproduction; races are defined analogously by perceived ancestry and bodily features. Gender and race are thus real but socially constructed hierarchical positions, not natural kinds – and the feminist and anti-racist aim is a society in which they no longer exist in this form. Her later work on structural explanation and ideology argues that injustice often lies in social structures and practices rather than individual attitudes, so that critique must target the social meanings and schemas that sustain them. Critics, among them Katharine Jenkins, have asked whether her definition of “woman” can include trans women and women who are not subordinated, which opened a wide debate about ameliorative concepts.

生平与背景

Sally Haslanger (born 1955) studied philosophy and religion at Reed College and took her doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985 with a dissertation on change and persistence. She taught at Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan before moving in 1998 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she is Ford Professor of Philosophy and Women’s and Gender Studies and has directed the Women’s and Gender Studies programme. She gave the Carus Lectures in 2012, served as president of the American Philosophical Association’s Eastern Division and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has also worked for many years for the inclusion of women and minorities in the discipline.