莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂
我们不只是拥有一个身体，我们就是我们的身体，而所有知觉和思想都生长于这种身体在世界中的存在。
定位
身体现象学：我们不只是拥有一个身体，我们就是我们的活生生的身体。
核心思想
- 活生生的身体
- 知觉
- 肉身（chair）
学生: 米歇尔·福柯
影响
受影响于 6
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响
Merleau-Ponty found an existentialism in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit and placed Hegel at the origin of Marxism, Nietzsche, phenomenology and psychoanalysis (‘L’existentialisme chez Hegel’, 1946). M. Merleau-Ponty, “L’existentialisme chez Hegel” (Les Temps modernes, 1946; Sens et non-sens, 1948)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
费迪南·德·索绪尔
受其影响 ✓
Merleau-Ponty took Saussure’s diacritical sign, meaningful only through differences from other signs, into his phenomenology of expression (‘Le langage indirect et les voix du silence’, 1952). M. Merleau-Ponty, “Le langage indirect et les voix du silence” (1952), in Signes (1960); La prose du monde (written 1951–52; publ. 1969); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
费迪南·德·索绪尔 › 1857–1913
亨利·柏格森
受其影响
Merleau-Ponty valued Bergson’s return to perception and to being in the making, discussing him in his inaugural lecture (Éloge de la philosophie, 1953) and ‘Bergson se faisant’ (1959). M. Merleau-Ponty, Éloge de la philosophie (1953); “Bergson se faisant” (1959), in Signes (1960); L’union de l’âme et du corps chez Malebranche, Biran et Bergson (lectures 1947–48; publ. 1968); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔
受其影响 ✓
Merleau-Ponty took up Husserl’s themes of lifeworld and lived body, studied in the Louvain archives (1939), and concluded that the reduction is never complete (Phenomenology of Perception, 1945). M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945), preface; “Le philosophe et son ombre” (1959), in Signes (1960); H. L. Van Breda, “Merleau-Ponty et les Archives-Husserl à Louvain” (1962); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔
受其影响
In his lectures on nature (1956–60; publ. 1995) Merleau-Ponty read Uexküll’s Umwelt as a melody: animal behaviour unfolds a theme, not a sum of mechanisms. M. Merleau-Ponty, La Nature. Notes, cours du Collège de France (lectures 1956–60; ed. D. Séglard, 1995); J. von Uexküll, Streifzüge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen (1934)
依据: AI 草稿
雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔 › 1864–1944
马丁·海德格尔
受其影响 ✓
Merleau-Ponty took up Heidegger’s being-in-the-world as être au monde and reinterpreted it as the pre-reflective engagement of the lived body with its world (Phenomenology of Perception, 1945). M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976
影响了 7
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦
影响了
Beauvoir reviewed Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception in Les Temps modernes (1945) and in The Second Sex (1949) took up his view of the body as situation. S. de Beauvoir, review of La Phénoménologie de la perception, Les Temps modernes (1945); Le Deuxième Sexe (1949); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: AI 草稿
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦 › 1908–1986
弗朗茨·法农
影响了
Fanon, who heard Merleau-Ponty in Lyon, found a ‘historico-racial schema’ beneath the phenomenological body schema in the lived experience of Black people (Peau noire, masques blancs, 1952). F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961
米歇尔·福柯 教过
教过 ✓
Foucault entered the École normale supérieure in 1946 and attended Merleau-Ponty’s lectures there, among them those on the union of soul and body in Malebranche, Maine de Biran and Bergson (1947–48); Merleau-Ponty was an important early influence. SEP “Michel Foucault”; D. Eribon, Michel Foucault (1989)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
米歇尔·福柯 › 1926–1984
皮埃尔·布迪厄
影响了 ✓
Bourdieu drew on Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of the lived body for practical sense and bodily hexis, belief enacted in posture and gesture, not represented (Le sens pratique, 1980). P. Bourdieu, Le sens pratique (1980); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
皮埃尔·布迪厄 › 1930–2002
查尔斯·泰勒
影响了
Taylor took from Merleau-Ponty the idea of embodied agency, a pre-reflective bodily grasp of the world, against representational epistemology (‘Embodied Agency’, 1989; Retrieving Realism, 2015). C. Taylor, “Embodied Agency”, in H. Pietersma (ed.), Merleau-Ponty: Critical Essays (1989); H. Dreyfus and C. Taylor, Retrieving Realism (2015)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
查尔斯·泰勒 › 1931年生
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬
影响了
Young applied Merleau-Ponty’s motor intentionality to feminine bodily comportment, finding an ‘inhibited intentionality’ caught between ‘I can’ and ‘I cannot’ (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945)
依据: AI 草稿
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬 › 1949–2006
安迪·克拉克
影响了
Clark took up Merleau-Ponty’s view of the body as the subject of skilled engagement with the world for an embodied, action-oriented cognitive science (Being There, 1997). A. Clark, Being There (1997); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945); SEP “Embodied Cognition”
依据: AI 草稿
安迪·克拉克 › 1957年生
批评
受批评于 1
露丝·伊利格瑞
受其批评
Reading ‘The Intertwining – The Chiasm’, Irigaray objected that Merleau-Ponty’s flesh privileges vision and forgets its maternal, tactile origin (Éthique de la différence sexuelle, 1984). L. Irigaray, “L’invisible de la chair. Lecture de Merleau-Ponty, Le visible et l’invisible, ‘L’entrelacs – le chiasme’”, in Éthique de la différence sexuelle (1984)
依据: AI 草稿
露丝·伊利格瑞 › 1930年生
批评了 3
勒内·笛卡尔
批评了
Merleau-Ponty rejected Descartes’ split between thinking mind and extended body, analysing perception through the lived body (Phenomenology of Perception, 1945); Eye and Mind (1961) contests his Optics. M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945); L’Œil et l’esprit (1961), part III, on Descartes’ Dioptrique; SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
伊曼努尔·康德
批评了
Merleau-Ponty objected that Kant’s reflective analysis makes the world the work of a constituting intellect and passes over perception lived through the body (Phénoménologie de la perception, 1945). M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945), preface and introduction (critique of ‘intellectualism’)
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
让-保罗·萨特
批评了
In Adventures of the Dialectic (1955), chapter 5, Merleau-Ponty attacked Sartre’s ‘ultra-Bolshevism’ as resting on pure decision and ignoring the weight of history and institutions. M. Merleau-Ponty, Les aventures de la dialectique (1955), ch. 5 “Sartre et l’ultra-bolchevisme”; S. de Beauvoir, “Merleau-Ponty et le pseudo-sartrisme” (1955)
依据: AI 草稿
让-保罗·萨特 › 1905–1980
作品
立场
Merleau-Ponty placed the lived body at the centre of philosophy. We do not perceive the world as detached minds, nor are we mere physical mechanisms; we are bodily beings already engaged with the world before any reflection. Perception is the primary layer of meaning: the body “knows” how to grasp a cup or find its way in a room without explicit thought. Drawing on Gestalt psychology and studies of brain-injured patients, he showed how habit, space and gesture are bodily achievements. In his late work he spoke of the “flesh” of the world, the intertwining of seer and seen. His ideas are central to today’s embodied cognition research.
生平与背景
Merleau-Ponty studied at the École normale supérieure, where he befriended Sartre and Beauvoir, and co-founded Les Temps modernes with them after the war. He taught child psychology at the Sorbonne and from 1952 held a chair at the Collège de France. His political break with Sartre came in the 1950s. He died suddenly in 1961, leaving his last work unfinished.
其他主要作品
- The Structure of Behaviour (1942)
- Phenomenology of Perception (1945)
- Humanism and Terror (1947)
- Adventures of the Dialectic (1955)
- The Visible and the Invisible (1964)
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