एंपेडोक्लीज़
सब कुछ चार तत्त्वों – पृथ्वी, जल, वायु और अग्नि – से बना है, जिन्हें दो शक्तियाँ, प्रेम और कलह, निरंतर मिलाती और अलग करती रहती हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
चार तत्त्व, प्रेम और कलह से संचालित, उत्पत्ति और विनाश की व्याख्या करते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- चार तत्त्वों का सिद्धांत
- प्रेम और कलह
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
पूथागोरास
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Empedocles took up Pythagorean transmigration and the ban on killing animals (DK 31 B117, B137); the sage praised in B129 is often taken to be Pythagoras. Empedocles, DK 31 B117, B129, B137; Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (quoting B129); SEP “Empedocles”
पूथागोरास › परंपरागत रूप से लगभग 570–495 ईसा पूर्व
पारमेनीडेस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Empedocles accepted Parmenides’ claim that nothing comes from nothing or perishes and explained change as the mixing and separating of four eternal roots (DK 31 B8, B11–12). Empedocles, DK 31 B8, B11–12, B17; SEP “Empedocles”
पारमेनीडेस › लगभग 515–450 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
गोर्गियास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Plato’s Meno Socrates defines colour ‘in the manner of Gorgias’ with Empedocles’ effluences and pores; ancient tradition makes Gorgias Empedocles’ pupil (Meno 76c–e; Diogenes Laertius VIII.58). Plato, Meno 76c–e; Diogenes Laertius VIII.58 (Satyrus); IEP “Gorgias”
गोर्गियास › लगभग 483–376 ईसा पूर्व
अरस्तू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Aristotle took over Empedocles’ four elements as the simple bodies of the sublunary world, crediting him as the first to posit four (Metaphysics I.4). Aristotle, Metaphysics I.4, 985a31–33; On Generation and Corruption II.1–6; SEP “Empedocles”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
लुक्रेतिउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lucretius praised Empedocles’ philosophical poem as the model for his own, while rejecting his four elements as first beginnings (De rerum natura I.705–829). Lucretius, De rerum natura I.705–829 (praise at 716–733); SEP “Lucretius”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुक्रेतिउस › लगभग 99–55 ईसा पूर्व
मत
Empedocles sought to reconcile Parmenides’ claim that nothing comes from nothing with the evident change in the world. His solution: there are four eternal “roots” – earth, water, air and fire – which never perish but mix and separate. Two cosmic forces move them: Love, which unites, and Strife, which divides, prevailing in turn in an endless cycle. What we call birth and death is merely mixture and separation. His doctrine of the four elements dominated Western natural philosophy and medicine until the early modern period, while his poem on purification joined it to a teaching of the soul’s transmigration.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Empedocles came from Akragas (Agrigento) in Sicily and was active in the fifth century BCE as a statesman, physician, poet and self-styled miracle worker. Legend has it that he died by leaping into the crater of Etna. He wrote in hexameter verse; considerable fragments of his poems survive, some recovered only in the late 1990s from a papyrus.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On Nature (c. 450 BCE)
- Purifications (c. 450 BCE)
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