डेमोक्रिटस
संसार रिक्त स्थान में गतिशील सूक्ष्म अविभाज्य कणों के सिवा कुछ नहीं – और शांत, प्रसन्न मन सर्वोत्तम जीवन है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ल्यूकिप्पस के साथ परमाणुवाद का संस्थापक: केवल परमाणु और शून्य हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- परमाणुवाद
- यूथुमिया (प्रसन्नचित्तता)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
पारमेनीडेस
जिनसे प्रभावित
With Leucippus, Democritus granted the Eleatics that nothing comes from nothing but posited void and indivisible atoms, so that plurality and motion become possible again. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.8; SEP “Ancient Atomism”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पारमेनीडेस › लगभग 515–450 ईसा पूर्व
एलिया का ज़ेनो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Democritus answered Eleatic arguments like Zeno’s, that infinite division dissolves bodies into nothing, by positing indivisible atoms (Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.2). Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.2; SEP “Ancient Atomism”; SEP “Zeno of Elea”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलिया का ज़ेनो › लगभग 490–430 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 6
अरस्तू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Aristotle treated Democritus as the earlier physicist who argued most from nature, discussing his atoms and void at length while rejecting both (On Generation and Corruption I.2, I.8). Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.2, I.8; Physics IV.6–9; SEP “Democritus”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
पाइरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Pyrrho studied with the Democritean Anaxarchus, and Philo of Athens said he cited Democritus most; Democritus’ distrust of the senses is a likely source of his scepticism. Diogenes Laertius IX.61, IX.67; Democritus, DK 68 B9, B117; SEP “Pyrrho”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पाइरो › लगभग 360–270 ईसा पूर्व
एपिकुरुस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Epicurus took over Democritus’ atoms and void, giving atoms weight and, by later reports, a swerve, and grounded on them an ethics free of fear of death. Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoeceus; Lucretius II.216–293; Cicero, De finibus I.17–21; SEP “Epicurus”
एपिकुरुस › 341–270 ईसा पूर्व
लुक्रेतिउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Through Epicurus Lucretius took up Democritus’ atoms and void, naming him with respect while rejecting his view that soul and body atoms alternate (De rerum natura III.370–395). Lucretius, De rerum natura III.370–395, V.621–636; SEP “Lucretius”
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लुक्रेतिउस › लगभग 99–55 ईसा पूर्व
अल-राज़ी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Al-Razi taught that bodies consist of indivisible atoms and void; whether his atomism derives from Democritus through Greek sources or from other traditions is disputed. S. Pines, Beiträge zur islamischen Atomenlehre (1936); P. Adamson, Al-Razi (2021)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अल-राज़ी › लगभग 865–925
फ्रांसिस बेकन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bacon praised the school of Democritus for dissecting nature rather than abstracting from it (New Organon, 1620) and discussed his atoms in On Principles and Origins (c. 1612). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620); De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Francis Bacon”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
फ्रांसिस बेकन › 1561–1626
मत
Democritus answered the Eleatic challenge with a bold model: reality consists of atoms – tiny, indivisible, unchangeable bodies – and the void in which they move. Atoms differ only in shape, arrangement and position; their collisions and combinations produce all things, including countless worlds. Colours, tastes and warmth exist only “by convention”; in truth there are only atoms and void. In ethics he praised cheerfulness (euthymia), a calm and well-balanced state of the soul. Through Epicurus and Lucretius, atomism survived antiquity and returned in the early modern science of Gassendi, Boyle and Newton.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Democritus came from Abdera in Thrace and, according to tradition, travelled widely and lived to a great age. He developed atomic theory together with his teacher Leucippus. He was extremely prolific – ancient catalogues list some seventy works on ethics, physics, mathematics and music – but only fragments survive, many of them ethical maxims.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Little World-System (lost, c. 420 BCE)
- On Cheerfulness (lost, c. 420 BCE)
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